Cell:通过抑制蚊子种群就可控制疟疾传播?可能并非如此!

2019-04-22 陶晓花 BioArt

疟疾严重危害人类健康,每年因疟疾死亡的人数超过42万,其中主要是非洲儿童。恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)通过蚊子叮咬而高效感染人类,因此对于蚊媒的研究意义重大。

疟疾严重危害人类健康,每年因疟疾死亡的人数超过42万,其中主要是非洲儿童。恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)通过蚊子叮咬而高效感染人类,因此对于蚊媒的研究意义重大。

埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)的卵发育过程已经得到了比较全面的阐述。埃及伊蚊吸血后,从脑部分泌卵巢蜕皮激素(ovarian ecdysteroidogenic hormone, OEH)和胰岛素样肽(insulin-like peptides, ILPs);刺激下游卵巢上皮细胞分泌类固醇激素蜕皮激素(ecdysone,E);然后在脂肪体中对E羟基化形成活性激素20-羟基蜕皮酮(20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E);20E靶向核受体EcR/USP复合物[ecdysone receptor (EcR)/ultraspiracle (USP)]启动下游程序,通过脂蛋白(lipophorin, Lp, 脂质转运蛋白)促进卵巢中脂质和其他营养物质的积累,并在卵黄蛋白原作用下(vitellogenin,Vg, 卵黄蛋白前体)促进卵发育。这一卵发育过程在不同蚊属中呈现出高度保守,其中包括疟原虫的主要传播蚊媒——冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)。

由于雌性按蚊的寿命较短,更迅速的生长发育有利于疟原虫的高效传播。在疟原虫感染的初始阶段,其暴露于蚊子寄主的快速生理变化条件中,会对疟原虫造成一定影响。然而,疟原虫是否利用或与蚊子宿主竞争现有的营养物质仍有待进一步阐明,并且野外环境下的感染更具复杂性,疟原虫和蚊子的相对适应性仍然难以解释。

近日,哈佛T.H.Chan公共卫生学院的学者在Cell上发文Steroid Hormone Function Controls Non-competitive Plasmodium Development in Anopheles,重点阐述了恶性疟原虫发育与按蚊繁殖之间的密切关联性,揭示恶性疟原虫采用非竞争性的资源开发策略来优化卵囊发育过程,同时最大限度地降低对按蚊寄主的资源消耗,这些研究结果对目前提出的旨在抑制蚊子种群的控制策略具有重要意义。

研究人员通过分析雌性个体的卵和疟原虫数量,发现依赖于20E信号传导的蚊子卵和疟原虫卵囊数量之间存在正相关性,这表明恶性疟原虫具有响应其寄主雌性冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)体内代谢变化的能力;随后研究人员构建了转基因冈比亚雌性按蚊△zpg (zero population growth, 一种生殖细胞发育必需的基因),△zpg 中20E分泌不足导致卵数量减少,疟原虫卵囊数量也随之减少;随后发现疟原虫通过按蚊脂质转运蛋白Lp利用蚊媒脂质资源来提高其生长速度,此过程对蚊媒卵发生周期无影响。这些结果表明疟原虫采用了一种非竞争性进化策略来助力自身生长发育,同时最大限度地降低其蚊媒的繁殖成本。

寄生虫和卵发育存在相关性(左);在生理条件(中)和20E信号干扰下(右)卵发育和寄生虫发育的示意图,降低20E水平(△zpg,E22O)或干扰20E信号传导(dsEcR)会减少卵和疟原虫数量,并引起脂质介导的疟原虫快速生长。(post-infectious blood meal (pIBM).)

高20E水平会促进卵的形成,这可能会伴随着体细胞或免疫功能的一般性抑制,这也解释了雌性产生更多卵的同时疟原虫的发育程度也随之增强的原因。相反,低20E水平时,导致疟原虫数量减少。EcR沉默介导的脂质积累导致卵囊生长更快但不会进一步影响蚊媒卵数,研究同时发现卵数与总疟原虫数之间没有负相关关系。这表明疟原虫发育过程中非竞争性资源开发策略可能有利于恶性疟原虫适应按蚊,这也部分解释了为什么这种蚊虫病原体组合在撒哈拉以南非洲疟疾传播方面如此强大的原因。这些发现对于部署蚊子种群抑制方法来说是一个重要警告,例如利用基因编辑技术降低雌性生殖能力进而抑制疟原虫的传播。无论机制如何,恶性疟原虫要么生长更快(雌性蚊媒的生殖投入减少),要么产生更多(雌性蚊媒的生殖增强)。因此,在生产用于释放的转基因蚊子时,仔细评估病原体发育与寄主繁殖过程之间的相互作用是必不可少的。

综上,按蚊经激素信号共同调节卵和疟原虫的发育,疟原虫会以非竞争性相互作用方式借助宿主脂质转运蛋白利用宿主脂质,表明疟原虫会响应按蚊代谢反应,这对病媒控制有一定作用。本工作将蚊媒类固醇激素20E确定为恶性疟原虫发育的主要因素,这些研究揭示了冈比亚按蚊与恶性疟原虫之间错综复杂的相对适应性,也为疟疾的防控提高了新的思路。

原始出处:
Werling K1, Shaw WR1, Itoe MA1, et al.Steroid Hormone Function Controls Non-competitive Plasmodium Development in Anopheles.Cell. 2019 Apr 4;177(2):315-325.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.036.

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    2020-03-30 维他命
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    2019-04-23 wxl882001

    了解一下

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