Nat Genet:40%疾病源于基因,25%与环境有关

2019-01-30 李华芸 生物探索

近40%的疾病源于DNA,而环境因素(社会经济地位、空气污染和气候变化)至少部分驱动了25%的疾病。

基因(内因)、环境(外因),哪个才是引发疾病的主要原因?这一直是学界的争论之一。

近日,《Nature Genetics》期刊上发表的文章给出了一份数据:

近40%的疾病源于DNA,而环境因素(社会经济地位、空气污染和气候变化)至少部分驱动了25%的疾病。

疾病预测上,内因“更胜一筹”

这项大规模研究由哈佛大学的科学家们完成,他们共分析了近4500万美国人的数据,其中包括了56000对双胞胎,共调研了560种疾病。

通常,大多数疾病是遗传和环境共同引发的——环境会改变基因表达的方式,基因可以影响机体对环境的反应。

但是,这两种因素的互作存在很大的差异性:

560种疾病中,关节炎等结缔组织疾病与DNA的相关性最低;

80%的认知障碍与遗传最为密切;

生殖障碍受环境影响最小;

大多数眼疾(42种眼疾中有27种)源于环境因素;

社会经济地位是肥胖的强有力预测指标;

温度变化影响着100多种疾病的风险。

对超6000种遗传性疾病而言,基因“出错”是主因。同时,遗传易感性可以预测每月在医疗保健上约60%的花费。

根据双胞胎数据,哈佛团队总结道:环境因素对疾病的预测能力弱于遗传因素。

外因“不容轻视”

但是,环境因素却不容忽视——最新研究揭示,社会经济地位影响了145种不同的疾病,特别是肥胖。

早前,《Nature》期刊曾有论文证实:环境(饮食、生活方式)是塑造肠道菌群结构的最主要因素,相反,内因在微生物组成上发挥着较小的作用(只有约2%),只有一小部分肠道微生物是可遗传的。

Cell期刊也曾发文表明,环境是免疫系统衰老的主要原因,包括饮食、睡眠、运动、感染、工作以及生理、心理压力等,这些外因会引发表观遗传学差异。

2018年,《Nature Communication》期刊上一篇论文着重分析了“环境污染”对于疾病的影响。结果显示,相比于遗传因素,环境因子影响力更大!

对于癌症而言,2017年Science期刊也曾发文表示,29%的致癌突变与环境因素或者生活方式有关。

还有“坏运气”……

Science上的这篇论文有一个更核心的探讨主题,即“癌症坏运气”。科学家们发现,近2/3的癌症突变源于DNA复制过程中随机发生的错误!也就是说,细胞分裂会带随机地引发突变,所以不可避免。

科学家们利用数据模型计算得出:66%的癌症突变由DNA复制错误导致,而遗传因素仅仅只占5%。当然,大多数突变是无害的,但是极少数情况下,个别突变会导致癌变。

写在最后

基因、坏运气,似乎都不是轻易可控的因素。而环境,在不少疾病中都占着很大的影响比例,则是我们可以调控的方向。

所以,维持健康的体重、避免接触已知的致癌物质、尽量规避环境污染、保持合理均衡的饮食……都是预防疾病、降低死亡率的关键。

原始出处:Chirag M. Lakhani, Braden T. Tierney, Arjun K. Manrai, et al. Repurposing large health insurance claims data to estimate genetic and environmental contributions in 560 phenotypes. Nat Genet. 14 January 2019

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    2019-08-10 canlab

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