镇痛药物不良反应专家共识,一文get要点!

2021-06-29 梅斯医学整理 梅斯医学整理

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国际疼痛研究协会(International Association for the Study of Pain, IASP)将疼痛定义为一种与实际或 潜在的组织损伤相关的不愉快的感觉和情感体验。根据病理生理学机制,癌痛多为混合性疼痛,既有伤害感受性疼痛又有神经病理性疼痛。癌痛的最佳治疗目标是将疼痛降低到患者能接受的生活质量的水平。

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疼痛是一个人的生理、心理、社会、文化和精神环境相互影响的结果。因此,虽然药物干预是癌症疼痛管理的主要支柱,但心理社会护理也是综合护理计划的重要组成部分。根据世界卫生组织颁布的《癌痛三阶梯镇痛治疗指南》。根据患者疼痛程度,针对性地选择不同的镇痛药物。

第一阶段选择非甾体类抗炎药物(nonste‑ roidal anti-inflammatory drugNSAID);

第二阶段如 NSAID不能缓解疼痛,可以选用弱阿片类药物或者低剂量的强阿片类药物,并可联合应用 NSAID

第三阶段:如果疼痛仍然无法控制,可选用强阿片 类药物,并可联合应用 NSAID

此外,三阶梯用药 的同时,可依病情选择三环类抗抑郁药或抗惊厥类 药等辅助用药。然而对于癌痛患者,接受镇痛治疗 时不良反应有时会降低患者的生活质量甚至危及 生命,比如阿片类药物经常导致的便秘、恶心、呼吸抑制等。基于以上背景,本文专家组着手制订了镇痛药物的不良反应的防治共识,以期提高癌痛治疗患者的生活质量。

1,非甾体类抗炎药物

NSAID 主要通过抑制环氧合酶(cyclooxygen‑ aseCOX‑1)催化生成的 COX 对胃肠道产生不良反 应,同时抑制COX的功能,可以抑制血小板的聚集, 进而增加消化道出血的可能性,加重消化道溃疡。 对于具有消化性溃疡史、酗酒史或者器官功能障碍(如肝功能障碍)的老年患者而言,NSAID 易引起消 化系统的不良反应,如加重消化性溃疡,长期使用 则会造成胃黏膜损伤等。

推荐:①联用米索前列醇或者质子泵抑制剂预防 消化性溃疡或者改用选择性COX‑2抑制剂;②有心血 管疾病的患者尽量避免和阿司匹林联用。 推荐等级:A

2,对乙酰氨基酚

对乙酰氨基酚主要用于第一阶梯镇痛,含有解 热镇痛作用而不具备抗炎功能。对乙酰氨基酚经 肝脏微粒体代谢后生成有毒的对乙酰苯醌亚胺,需 要谷胱甘肽解毒。长期用药后,谷胱甘肽被耗竭 时,对乙酰苯醌亚胺以共价键的形式与肝、肾中的 蛋白分子不可逆结合,引起肝细胞、肾小管细胞坏 死。因此,对乙酰氨基酚的不良反应主要体现在肝 功能受损和肾脏损伤两方面。过量对乙酰氨基酚 的使用会造成患者肝功能衰竭,甚至死亡,肾功能 低下的患者则易出现肾绞痛等不良反应

推荐:①尽量不要和阿片类药物联合使用。②限 制每日对乙酰氨基酚摄入量不超过4 g,长期服用的患 者每日摄入量不超过3 g 推荐等级:A

3,阿片类药物

便秘是阿片类镇痛药不可耐受的不良反 应,一般会在阿片类药物镇痛治疗过程中持续出现。推荐:①在阿片类药物使用过程中,联合使用 泻药(渗透性泻药或者刺激性泻药)以预防便秘的 发生,注意阿片类药物剂量的增加后也要适度增加 泻药的剂量 。②若患者的便秘情况加重,在排除 肠梗阻等其他原因导致的便秘后,根据患者需要滴 定泻药,使患者1~2 d非强迫性排便1次或者联合辅 助用药降低阿片类药物剂量。③如果泻药不足以 治疗阿片类药物诱导的便秘,可以联合外周作用的 阿片受体拮抗剂用药,如甲基纳曲酮等。 推荐等级:A

恶心、呕吐大约 40%的患者在使用阿片类药物后可能出现恶心,15%~25% 的患者可能出现呕吐。推荐:①在处理阿片类药物引起的持续性恶心 时,增加针对不同作用机制的疗法,比如添加 5 ‑HT 受体拮抗剂、东莨菪碱等药物来治疗恶心。②肠梗 阻患者推荐使用奥氮平。③糖皮质激素与甲氧 氯普胺和昂丹司琼联合使用 推荐等级:A

阿片类药物对中枢有镇静作用,也可 preBötzinger ,极易引起患者的呼吸抑制,也是阿片类药物 致死的主要原因。推荐:①患者整体症状稳定,给予无创呼吸支持, 密切监测患者症状。②患者状态不佳,则选用纳洛酮 缓解症状。纳洛酮用生理盐水稀释为10%10 ml药液 中纳洛酮含量为1 ml),每30~60 秒给1~2 ml,直到患 者症状有所改善。③对于需要接受长期阿片类药 物治疗的患者,必要时考虑同时服用纳洛酮以降低风险。 推荐等级:A

神经毒性(opioid‑induced neurotoxici‑ tyOIN)包括从过度嗜睡(镇静)到幻觉、谵妄、肌阵 挛、癫痫发作和痛觉过敏。推荐:①对于产生OIN的患者,推荐更换阿片类 药物或者减少剂量。②对于需要医学介入的产生 谵妄的患者,考虑利培酮 0.25~0.5 mg,每天 1~2次。 对于帕金森患者,考虑使用喹硫平。③根据需要使 用氟哌啶醇、奥氮平或利培酮等药物或改用其他阿片类药物。推荐等级:B

皮肤瘙痒 10%~50% 的患者在最初服用阿片类 药物后会出现皮肤瘙痒的症状,特别是在神经轴阻 滞后,但一般阿片类药物稳定剂量服用 2 周后症状 会减退。推荐:①如果皮肤瘙痒的症状持续,建议转换阿 片类药物。或谨慎滴定混合阿片激动剂拮抗剂(如纳 布啡)或类阿片受体拮抗剂(如纳洛酮) 。②对于鞘 内麻醉患者引起的皮肤瘙痒可以尝试使用昂丹司 琼治疗。 推荐等级:A

痛觉过敏 长期阿片类药物治疗的剂量增加可能会引起阿片类药物引起的痛觉过敏,导致疼痛感 加重而不是缓解疼痛。推荐:①联合辅助药物或者神经阻滞技术来减 少阿片类药物的用量。②联合棕榈酰乙醇酰胺 PEA)和阿片类药物,制订个体化方案。 推荐等级:B

免疫抑制 长期接受阿片类药物镇痛治疗的患者免疫系统常被抑制,进而耗竭外周内源性阿片样 物质介导的镇痛作用,减弱阿片类药物的镇痛功 能。推荐:①选择神经阻滞技术等非阿片类依赖的 治疗方案。②结合各种阿片类药物特性,选择对免 疫系统抑制不强的阿片类药物,如丁丙诺非、芬太 尼贴皮剂等。 推荐等级:C

内分泌紊乱 阿片类药物主要通过 HPA 轴对内 分泌系统造成影响,其中性腺功能减退是目前公认 的不良反应之一,同时阿片类药物的使用可能造成 高催乳素血症,造成骨代谢的紊乱 推荐:如果患者出现了肾上腺皮质功能减退和 性腺功能减退,推荐停止或减少阿片类药物剂量和 采取适当的激素治疗。 推荐等级:A

药物成瘾在一项数据审查中发现,阿片类药物 32%,成 23% 。阿片类药物因其药物依赖性的特质受到了 严格管制,对于患者来说,药物依赖容易造成戒断 症状,也容易造成药物滥用甚至中毒出现阿片类药 物过量三联征。 推荐:①对阿片类药物按照法规进行严格管 控,定期给药,对患者的药物相关行为的分层与评 估,定期随访,关注患者的异常药物行为。②在药 物剂量减少时出现戒断症状,给予纳洛酮解救。 推荐等级:A

原始出处

中国抗癌协会肿瘤营养专业委员会.镇痛药物不良反应专家共识.肿瘤代谢与营养电子杂志 2021 4 9 日第 8 卷第 2

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    2021-08-23 Ruki Zhou

    感谢分享

    0

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    2021-08-12 ms8000001339242270

    学习了 对我很有用 值得学习

    0

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1845855, encodeId=5cea1845855f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Sat Mar 26 08:37:13 CST 2022, time=2022-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1010531, encodeId=0bb41010531c4, content=感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210630/f45295926609443aab6d0da940581ba6/283972c358784cc69bebd1605654b9b7.jpg, createdBy=406b2487650, createdName=Ruki Zhou, createdTime=Mon Aug 23 09:40:33 CST 2021, time=2021-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1007367, encodeId=9a80100e36724, content=学习了 对我很有用 值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=28745418786, createdName=ms8000001339242270, createdTime=Thu Aug 12 18:49:46 CST 2021, time=2021-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1840629, encodeId=4ae01840629b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9401204912f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#不良反应#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20491, encryptionId=9401204912f, topicName=不良反应)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e76f39, createdName=smartjoy, createdTime=Mon Oct 11 21:37:13 CST 2021, time=2021-10-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=998964, encodeId=08e3998964e0, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210515/fdb40d331d654a408c5c21ba2cc99d8e/e9157a03ad7a4e8ca944ff70d9565fc7.jpg, createdBy=f6da5502104, createdName=大郎该吃药了, createdTime=Tue Jul 13 06:19:53 CST 2021, time=2021-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=995585, encodeId=dfa299558502, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210703/5d4678ea36e146e4a5cc97581f3c5cfd/8cabb730d8f34a9db82e92bfd1b67ffc.jpg, createdBy=82281799739, createdName=ms2955258463467712, createdTime=Sat Jul 03 06:36:19 CST 2021, time=2021-07-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1355363, encodeId=1c3e135536355, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=256a96e9990' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#镇痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96799, encryptionId=256a96e9990, topicName=镇痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Thu Jul 01 06:37:13 CST 2021, time=2021-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579747, encodeId=416415e974770, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=567c96806cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#镇痛药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96806, encryptionId=567c96806cc, topicName=镇痛药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ef4d16558274, createdName=ms9476844295372110, createdTime=Thu Jul 01 06:37:13 CST 2021, time=2021-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=978468, encodeId=41669e8468e4, content=感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210515/fdb40d331d654a408c5c21ba2cc99d8e/e9157a03ad7a4e8ca944ff70d9565fc7.jpg, createdBy=f6da5502104, createdName=大郎该吃药了, createdTime=Thu Jul 01 06:36:20 CST 2021, time=2021-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-07-13 大郎该吃药了

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2021-07-03 ms2955258463467712

    学习了

    0

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    2021-07-01 zhaojie88
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    2021-07-01 大郎该吃药了

    感谢分享

    0

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