Diabetologia:高强度间歇训练12周可改善超重男性2型糖尿病患者的心血管自主神经功能,但不能改善躯体感觉神经功能和结构

2022-03-16 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

糖尿病感觉运动性多神经病变(DSPN)和心血管自主神经病变(CAN)是糖尿病患者发病率和死亡率增加以及生活质量下降的重要因素。

背景:糖尿病感觉运动性多神经病变(DSPN)和心血管自主神经病变(CAN)是糖尿病患者发病率和死亡率增加以及生活质量下降的重要因素。大约30%的糖尿病患者受到DSPN的影响。DSPN导致的周围神经损害主要表现为远端感觉运动障碍和/或神经病理性症状,如感觉异常、感觉障碍、麻木、肌肉无力和神经病理性疼痛。根据使用的诊断标准,糖尿病患者的CAN患病率估计在16%到31%之间。早期CAN的特点是心率变异性(HRV)降低,主要是迷走神经调节的,增加了临床特征的风险,如静息性心动过速、直立性低血压、运动耐受和无症状心肌缺血。DSPN和CAN都可能潜伏发展,临床特征和并发症有相当大的异质性,而复杂的多因素发病机制仍不完全清楚。

    尽管它的主要临床影响,糖尿病神经病变仍然是一种经常被低估和治疗的情况。目前治疗糖尿病神经病变的外周或自主神经表现的选择有限,主要基于对症治疗。然而,推荐用于痛性DSPN的对症药物治疗往往不足以缓解神经病理性疼痛,并可能导致糖尿病明显的副作用。虽然长期接近正常的血糖已被证明至少部分预防或延缓了1型糖尿病患者DSPN或CAN的进展,但这一目标在许多患者中仍然无法实现,也没有明确的证据表明强化糖尿病治疗对2型糖尿病患者有如此有利的效果。

    近年来,有证据表明运动训练(ET)在治疗DSPN和CAN中的作用。几项研究考察了不同形式的ET对DSPN测量的影响,重点是力量、耐力或平衡,如NCS、感觉运动功能和神经病症状。值得注意的是,一些临床试验报告了有或没有糖尿病神经病变的糖尿病患者的NCS改善。其他人指出,运动后神经病理性症状包括感觉过敏、神经病理性疼痛和平衡减少。更多的研究是可用的,主要是关于平衡ET,报告了平衡测试中性能的改善。然而,目前的证据不足以得出关于不同ET策略改善周围神经功能甚至逆转DSPN的有效性的确切结论。

    众所周知,有规律的有氧ET可能有益于影响健康个体的心血管指标,包括交感迷走神经平衡、静息心率和血压。来自临床试验的证据表明,ET方案可能会改善2型糖尿病患者的HRV。虽然锻炼单位的频率似乎是一个重要因素,但仅仅几个月的短期干预计划在改善HRV方面可能不太成功。由自发性压力反射敏感性(BRS)评估的压力反射功能调节心脏收缩能力、心率和外周血管阻力,以响应动脉血压波动。它代表了心血管疾病的预后指标,并可能成为糖尿病患者CAN的一个有前途的标志物。体育锻炼对循环的有益影响可能部分归因于压力反射功能的改善。

目的:目前尚不清楚作为生活方式干预的组成部分的运动训练是否以及哪种方式可能对2型糖尿病患者的躯体感觉和自主神经测试产生有利影响。

方法:对年龄、体重指数相近的超重男性2型糖尿病患者(2型糖尿病,n=20)和糖耐量正常男性(糖耐量正常[NGT],n=23)进行心血管自主神经和躯体感觉神经功能及表皮内神经纤维密度(IENFD)测定,并作为对照组,进行为期12周的高强度间歇训练(HIIT)干预。研究终点包括临床评分、神经传导检查、定量感觉测试、IENFD、心率变异性、体位收缩压变化和自发性压力反射敏感性(BRS)。

结果:HIIT治疗12周后,两组患者静息心率均下降(基线/12周:NGT:65.1±8.2/60.2±9.0次/min;2型糖尿病:68.8±10.1/63.4±7.8次/min),而BRS三项指标均升高(序列分析BRS:8.82±4.89/14.6±11.7MS2/mm Hg;阳性序列BRS:7.19±5.43/15.4±15.9MS2/mm Hg;负性BRS:12.8±5.4/14.6±8.7MS2/−)和体位收缩压改变减少(−13.9±11.6/NGT 9.35±9.76),两项心率变异性指标均显著增加(R-R间期标准差:36.1±11.8/55.3±41.3ms;R-R间期变异系数:3.84±1.2 1/5.17±3.2 8)(P均<0.0 5)。相比之下,两组的BMI、临床评分、神经传导检查、定量感觉测试、IENFD以及糖尿病感觉运动性多神经病变和心血管自主神经病变的患病率均保持不变。在整个队列中,观察到两个BRS指数的变化与HIIT后12周·VO2max的变化之间的相关性(例如,序列分析BRS:r=0.528,p=0.017)。

表1缺氧缺血12周前后外周神经和自主神经功能及形态

图1任一组或两组从基线到12周改善的心血管自主神经功能指数。蓝圈,2型糖尿病(T2D);白色圆圈,NGT。心率(A)、心动过速(B)、心动过速(C)和仰卧位后收缩压(Δ)(D)。数据是平均值±扫描电子显微镜;*p≤0.05vs基线。BPM,每分钟跳数

图2 HIIT 12周后压力感受器反射功能。蓝圈,2型糖尿病(T2D);白色圆圈,NGT。XBRS(A)、BRSallSeq(B)、BRS(+)斜率(C)和n d BRS(−)斜率(D)。数据为平均值±S E M;*p≤0.05vs基线

结论:在进行规律的HIIT12周后,在没有体重减轻的情况下,患有2型糖尿病的男性超重个体的BRS、静息心率和立位血压调节得到改善。由于没有观察到对躯体神经功能和结构的有利影响,心血管自主神经功能似乎更容易受到这种短期干预的影响,这可能是由于改善了心肺功能。

原文出处:Bönhof GJ,  Strom A,  Apostolopoulou M,et al.High-intensity interval training for 12 weeks improves cardiovascular autonomic function but not somatosensory nerve function and structure in overweight men with type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia 2022 Mar 11

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    2022-03-18 aids219

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