误诊为“骨巨细胞瘤” 实则……

2017-11-20 牛晓辉 郝林 骨肿瘤

18岁男性患者,在当地诊断为“骨巨细胞瘤”,事实果真如此?错误的诊断将导致错误的治疗。骨肿瘤的诊断应遵守何原则?

18岁男性患者,在当地诊断为“骨巨细胞瘤”,事实果真如此?错误的诊断将导致错误的治疗。骨肿瘤的诊断应遵守何原则?

(1)病例介绍

:患者,男,18岁,因左髋部疼痛不适2个月,加重1个月入院。2个月前不慎扭伤左髋部,感疼痛,休息可缓解,不影响日常活动,于入院前1个月再次不慎扭伤左髋部,感疼痛剧烈不能行走,于当地医院就诊,医师叮嘱患者休息并给予外用药,无明显效果,在当地医院行切开活检,诊断为骨巨细胞瘤,为进一步治疗入我院。

入院查体:一般情况良好,左下肢较对侧明显肌萎缩,左髋外侧可见活检切口,周围可见色素沉着,局部皮温升高,局部有轻压痛,未触及明显肿物,左粗隆部较对侧稍饱满,左髋活动不受限。

影像学检查:X 线示左股骨颈、粗隆部可见5cm ×4cm ×3cm 溶骨性破坏,边界清晰,骨皮质膨胀变薄,病变区域可见筛孔样改变,病灶内未见钙化及骨化影,未见骨皮质,中断现象,无骨膜反应及软组织肿块影(图35‐1)。


图35‐1 治疗前X 线片

CT 示左股骨粗隆,颈部溶骨性破坏,骨皮质膨胀变薄,部分区域皮质有消失,病灶内无钙化、骨化,增强后边缘有增强现象,中间伴有不规则低密度灶,可见股骨后外侧骨皮质破坏消失及突向软组织内的肿物阴影(图35‐2)。

ECT 示左股骨近端可见范围较大的放射性不均匀减低缺损区,周围放射性异常浓聚。骨骼其余部位放射性分布大致均匀,未见明显转移病灶(图35‐3)。

MRI 示左股骨粗隆部可见不规则溶骨性破坏,部分区域特别是后外侧骨皮质破坏消失,可见肿物突破骨皮质突向后外侧软组织内,肿物质地不均匀,呈现T 1低信号T 2高信号表现(图35‐4)。


图35‐2 治疗前CT


图35‐3 病变部位ECT 表现


图35‐4 治疗前MRI

会诊病理:恶性肿瘤、肉瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)凭活检组织较倾向于脉管来源。


图35‐5 手术切除后标本像

完善术前准备后,在全麻下行左股骨近端瘤段截除,人工关节置换术。患者取右侧卧位,左髋Moore 切口入路,距活检切口边缘2cm切开皮肤皮下深筋膜,分离显露肿物,距肿物1~1.5cm切断肿物表面的股外侧肌,臀中肌,股直肌,髋关节内外旋肌群及髂腰肌一部分肌纤维,探查坐骨神经,发现与肿物紧邻,分离并去除神经外膜,将坐骨神经牵开并保护,完整分离肿物,距其边缘5cm锯断股骨,切开关节囊及圆韧带,将股骨瘤段完整切除(图35‐5)。仔细止血后,行股骨上段人工关节置换,髓腔应用骨水泥固定关节柄,摄片显示关节位置良好(图35‐6),冲洗伤口,伤口留置负压引流管,逐层关闭伤口,加压包扎。患肢置于外展中立位。


图35‐6 手术后X 线片

术后应用常规抗生素预防伤口感染,并给予抗凝药物预防血栓形成。鼓励股四头肌肌力练习,并使用下肢弹力袜及足底静脉泵预防下肢深静脉血栓发生。术后两周伤口愈合良好,行伤口拆线出院。医师叮嘱患者出院4~6周后练习下地行走。每3个月来医院复查。

(2)专家分析

:股骨近端是各种良恶性肿瘤常见发生部位,肿瘤破坏股骨颈及粗隆部骨质,造成股骨颈的支撑负重力下降,出现行走时疼痛,随着病变的发展,疼痛加重并有发生病理性骨折的可能,对于股骨近端肿瘤应尽早明确诊断,避免因病理性骨折造成肿瘤的局部扩散增加根治难度。

该患者股骨近端病变经活检证实为恶性肿瘤,局部广泛切除是治疗股骨近端肿瘤的最佳方案,术前应完善各项影像学检查,明确肿物的范围及切除边界。股骨近端肿物行瘤段截除后出现的骨缺损目前最常用的重建方法是人工关节置换,方法成熟,能够很快恢复患者行走功能。在切除股骨近端肿物时,通常需要切除髋关节大量的肌肉、肌腱及韧带,如果不加以修补,会造成髋关节经常脱位。术中应仔细修补髋关节周围软组织,重建肌肉起止点,可在人工关节周围包绕尼龙补片,将残存关节囊、肌肉、肌腱缝合在补片上,术后患肢保持外展中立位6~8周,待髋关节周围软组织愈合充分后再练习行走,以增强髋关节稳定性。下地之前,应在髋关节保持伸直位的基础下鼓励进行下肢肌肉力量练习及膝关节屈伸功能锻炼,以预防膝关节僵直及肌肉萎缩,影响日后行走功能。

(3)诊断要点

:骨肿瘤的诊断应遵守临床、影像、病理三结合。患者病变位于股骨近端,出现髋关节疼痛,逐渐加重。影像表现:左股骨近端骨皮质虫蚀样溶骨性破坏,边界模糊,无硬化缘,部分区域的骨皮质破坏,消失。CT 及MRI 提示股骨近端广泛溶骨性破坏,病灶内质地不均,部分骨皮质破坏消失,并向股骨后层形成较大软组织增强像显示肿物血运丰富,能被造影剂明显强化。

(4)治疗原则

:股骨近端肿瘤,多为原发性肿瘤,此病例肿瘤位于股骨近端,病变范围较广泛,边界不清,肿瘤破坏股骨后侧皮质形成较大软组织肿块,未见远隔转移和跳跃病灶,所以应属于Enneking分期的Ⅱb 期肿瘤,治疗应以局部切除为主,切除范围应达广泛切除的外科边界,以达到最大限度地降低肿瘤的局部复发率,并保留肢体的功能。股骨上段瘤段截除,人工关节置换是常用的治疗股骨近端肿瘤的方法。术后并发症少,能够在很短时间内恢复肢体的行走功能。

(5)随诊结果

:患者术后未见明显并发症,术后经6~8周卧床功能练习后,拄拐杖下地行走,术后3个月弃拐练习正常行走。以后每隔3个月定期复查胸片,患肢X 片,现术后6年,未见肿物局部复发及转移,步态轻度跛行。

(6)经验教训

1)诊断很重要,该患者在当地诊断为“骨巨细胞瘤”,错误的诊断,将导致错误的治疗,因此建议骨肿瘤患者应到专科医院进行规范治疗。

2)恶性肿瘤在切除过程中,肿瘤包块以外应尽可能包绕多量的软组织袖、关节囊、肌肉的起止点,因为与骨病灶密切连接,肿瘤更易通过它们侵入软组织,因此一般应在1~2cm以外切断,将肿瘤反应区内的所有肌腱、肌肉、韧带一并切除。与肿瘤包块较近的血管、神经等,应尽量将其外膜剥离与肿物一并切除。必要时可用95%酒精浸泡重要的神经,以减少肿物复发的可能。

3)截骨应在肿物髓腔异常信号以外的3~5cm,截骨部位髓腔最好取病理以证实其为正常骨髓组织。

4)行人工关节置换术时,应对髋关节周围软组织、关节囊做严格的修补、重建,以恢复人工关节周围软组织覆盖及张力,避免术后关节脱位。

5)术后保持外展中立位6~8周,待软组织充分愈合后再练习下地负重行走。

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    2017-11-22 wwzzly
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1475863, encodeId=16f714e586360, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf5e7252474, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483873, encodeId=444e14838e3eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502199, encodeId=1b3615021997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=263132, encodeId=d7b6263132ea, content=不能马虎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/20/02e70d8a81756be978c1ac6ecae73990.jpg, createdBy=a0592196997, createdName=暂20a6e63m, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 15:43:37 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262895, encodeId=75eb26289565, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 18:43:39 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262880, encodeId=9c8b262880b5, content=还好没转移.要不然就是一条人命, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201208/af76c3dece7248f2b297751d57470291/d45c15338e034c3f847da0bca70bfa4d.jpg, createdBy=3cfe1656094, createdName=cscs, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 17:48:58 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-21 暂20a6e63m

    不能马虎

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1475863, encodeId=16f714e586360, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf5e7252474, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483873, encodeId=444e14838e3eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502199, encodeId=1b3615021997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=263132, encodeId=d7b6263132ea, content=不能马虎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/20/02e70d8a81756be978c1ac6ecae73990.jpg, createdBy=a0592196997, createdName=暂20a6e63m, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 15:43:37 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262895, encodeId=75eb26289565, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 18:43:39 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262880, encodeId=9c8b262880b5, content=还好没转移.要不然就是一条人命, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201208/af76c3dece7248f2b297751d57470291/d45c15338e034c3f847da0bca70bfa4d.jpg, createdBy=3cfe1656094, createdName=cscs, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 17:48:58 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-20 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1475863, encodeId=16f714e586360, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf5e7252474, createdName=spoonycyy, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483873, encodeId=444e14838e3eb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502199, encodeId=1b3615021997b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 22 08:37:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=263132, encodeId=d7b6263132ea, content=不能马虎, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/20/02e70d8a81756be978c1ac6ecae73990.jpg, createdBy=a0592196997, createdName=暂20a6e63m, createdTime=Tue Nov 21 15:43:37 CST 2017, time=2017-11-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262895, encodeId=75eb26289565, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 18:43:39 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=262880, encodeId=9c8b262880b5, content=还好没转移.要不然就是一条人命, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201208/af76c3dece7248f2b297751d57470291/d45c15338e034c3f847da0bca70bfa4d.jpg, createdBy=3cfe1656094, createdName=cscs, createdTime=Mon Nov 20 17:48:58 CST 2017, time=2017-11-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-20 cscs

    还好没转移.要不然就是一条人命

    0

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