肺癌微波消融治疗经验分享

2018-04-28 撰写 | 叶欣(山东省立医院 )编辑 | 狄迪 中国医学论坛报今日肿瘤

在世界范围内,肺癌的发病率和死亡率居癌症之首,全球每年发病约250万例,每年有超过160万人死于肺癌。

在世界范围内,肺癌的发病率和死亡率居癌症之首,全球每年发病约250万例,每年有超过160万人死于肺癌

在我国,肺癌的发病形势更加严峻, 2010年新发肺癌 605900例,死亡486600例。预计2015年我国将新发肺癌733300例,死亡610200例,绝对数均排在世界第一。

对于早期非小细胞肺癌( NSCLC),外科切除是治愈的主要手段,但是由于各种原因,大约80%的肺癌无法通过手术切除治疗。对于无法手术切除的多数肺癌患者在传统的放化疗中获益有限,因此许多新的局部治疗方法(例如局部消融治疗)应运而生。

局部热消融术作为一种微创技术,目前已应用于早期肺癌的治疗,年治疗患者数目迅速增加。

肺部转移瘤在临床上十分常见,是所有肿瘤转移的第二器官,目前已证实,经皮热消融也可以有效地治疗肺部转移瘤。

目前临床常用的肺肿瘤热消融方法主要有射频消融( RFA)、 微波消融(MWA)、冷冻消融(cryoablation,氩氦刀)和激光消融( laser ablation)。

MWA的技术原理及疗效

MWA一般采用915 MHz或2450 MHz两种频率。在 CT等影像技术引导下,将微波天线经皮肤穿刺进入肿瘤组织内,在微波电磁场的作用下,肿瘤组织内的水分子、蛋白质分子等极性分子产生极高速振动,造成分子之间的相互碰撞、相互摩擦,在短时间内产生高达60 ℃~150 ℃的高温,从而导致细胞凝固性坏死。

微波消融的原理实际上与“微波炉”的原理一样,就是通过微波加热导致肿瘤组织发生凝固性坏死,达到“烧死”肿瘤细胞的目的。

MWA因其消融时间短、消融范围大,受血流灌注影响小,局部复发率低等优势,其在肺部肿瘤消融中应用越来越广泛。目前我国在应用MWA治疗肺部肿瘤方面已处于世界领先地位。MWA治疗不可耐受手术的早期肺癌,5年生存率可达50%左右;治疗各种恶性肿瘤肺部寡转移瘤的5年生存率也可达50%左右。

MWA治疗的适应证、 禁忌证及并发症

1、治愈性消融的适应证

治愈性消融是指通过热消融治疗,使局部肿瘤组织完全坏死,有可能达到治愈效果。

原发性周围型肺癌     ① 患者因心肺功能差或高龄不能耐受手术切除;② 拒绝行手术切除;③ 其它局部治疗复发后的单发病灶(如适形放疗后);④ 原发性肺癌术后或放疗后肺内孤转移;⑤ 单肺(各种原因导致一侧肺缺如);⑥ 多原发肺癌,且双肺肿瘤数量≤3个,肿瘤最大径≤3 cm,且无其他部位的转移病灶。

肺部转移瘤  某些生物学特征显示预后较好的肺内转移瘤(如肉瘤、肾癌、结直肠癌乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和肝细胞癌)。如果原发病能够得到有效治疗,可进行肺转移瘤的消融治疗。

适应证包括单侧肺病灶数目≤ 3个(双侧肺≤ 5个),多发转移瘤最大肿瘤的最大直径≤ 3 cm,单侧单发转移瘤的最大直径≤ 5 cm,且无其他部位的转移。

对于双侧肺肿瘤,不建议双侧同时进行消融治疗。

2、姑息性消融的适应证

姑息性消融治疗的目的在于最大限度减轻肿瘤负荷、缓解肿瘤引起的症状和改善患者生活质量,对于达不到治愈性消融条件的患者,其适应证可以较治愈性消融适当放宽。如肿瘤最大径>5 cm或单侧肺病灶数目>3个(双侧肺>5个),可以进行多针、多点或多次治疗,或与其它治疗方法联合应用。如肿瘤侵犯肋骨或胸椎椎体引起的难治性疼痛,对肿瘤局部骨侵犯处进行消融,即可达到止痛效果。

3、微波消融禁忌证

由于肺部肿瘤患者对经皮热消融治疗具有良好的耐受性,术后肺功能几乎不受影响,因此除无法纠正的凝血障碍性疾病以外,肺部肿瘤局部热消融的绝对禁忌证相对较少,目前主要有以下几项:

1.病灶周围感染性及放射性炎症没有很好控制者,穿刺部位皮肤感染、破溃;

2.严重的肺纤维化,尤其是药物性肺纤维化;

3.有严重出血倾向、血小板小于50×109 /L和凝血功能严重紊乱者。抗凝治疗和/或抗血小板药物应在经皮消融前至少停用5~7天;

4.消融病灶同侧恶性胸腔积液没有很好控制者;

5.肝、肾、心、肺、脑功能严重不全者,严重贫血、脱水及营养代谢严重紊乱,无法在短期内纠正或改善者,严重全身感染、高热(>38.5℃)者;

6. 有广泛肺外转移者,预期生存< 3个月;

7. 美国东部肿瘤协作组(ECOG)体能状态评分小于 3。

4、并发症

不良反应  ① 疼痛:手术后疼痛一般为轻度疼痛,可以用非甾体类药物止痛;② 消融后综合征:约2/3患者可能发生,主要症状为低热、乏力、全身不适、恶心、呕吐等,一般持续3~5天,可以适量短时应用小剂量糖皮质激素;③ 咳嗽:轻度的咳嗽不影响消融手术,剧烈咳嗽要停止消融手术或间断消融,术后咳嗽可适当给予止咳化痰药以及必要的抗生素;④ 胸膜反应。

并发症  ① 气胸:气胸是消融后最常见的并发症,发生率为10%~60%,需要胸腔闭式引流的10%左右;② 胸腔积液:发生率为1%~30%,需要穿刺/置管引流的胸腔积液不足10%;③ 出血:消融中出血的发生率在3%~8%,多具有自限性,保守治疗无效者,可行介入栓塞治疗或剖胸探查;④ 感染:消融手术引起的肺部感染的发生率为1%~-5%,若消融手术后5天体温仍然>38.5℃,首先要考虑肺部感染,要根据痰液、血液或脓液培养的结果调整抗生素;⑤ 其他罕见并发症:支气管胸膜瘘、急性呼吸窘迫综合症、肿瘤针道种植、神经损伤、肺栓塞、空气栓塞、心包填塞等极少发生,需个别特殊处理。

消融相关死亡  肺部肿瘤消融手术的并发症大多轻微且易于处理,但是严重甚至致命的并发症也有一定的发生率。根据目前的文献报导肺部肿瘤消融手术相关死亡率低于1%。

小结

关于肺部肿瘤的治疗,微创治疗是未来发展的方向之一,尤其是影像引导下的经皮热消融技术在治疗肺部肿瘤方面具有:创伤小、疗效明确、安全性高、患者恢复快、操作相对简单、适应人群广等特点。

最近研究表明:经皮热消融治疗不能耐受手术切除早期NSCLC患者(肿瘤直径2~3 cm)的1年、3年和5年的生存率分别达到97.7%、72.9%和55.7%,且死亡率小于1%。

这些临床证据让我们相信未来这一技术会在肺部肿瘤的综合治疗中得到越来越广泛的应用,其地位有可能成为继手术、放疗、化疗之后的一种新的治疗模式。

当然,热消融治疗肺部肿瘤还存在许多问题许多需要完善,例如消融技术的规范化尚待制定、热消融与其他治疗手段(如手术、放疗等)随机对照研究有待更多地开展、如何提高局部完全消融率和降低局部复发有待探索。

相关病例

病例一 

男,61岁,因“左肺中心型鳞癌(I期)”于2009年1月进行了左肺全切手术,术后未进行放化疗。2012年10月又发现右肺下叶2.5 cm×2.0 cm占位(图1),活检后为“中分化腺癌”。经多学科会诊后患者不能耐受次手术和放疗,随后在局麻下微波消融治疗。图2为微波天线穿刺入肿瘤内;图3为消融后9月,肿瘤缩小;图4为消融后12月肿瘤明显缩小;图5为消融后24月肿瘤缩小为纤维疤痕;图6为消融后36月肿瘤仍为纤维疤痕,无复发征象。目前患者健在。



病例二

女, 70岁,因“右肺上叶占位5月”收住院,肿瘤5.0 cm×4.5 cm(图7),活检病理鳞癌。患者吸烟50年,慢支肺气肿病史20年,高血压冠心病病史15年。经多学科会诊后患者不能耐受次手术和放疗,随后在局麻下微波消融治疗。图8为两支微波天线穿刺入肿瘤内;图9为消融后即刻,肿瘤周围呈毛玻璃样;图10为消融后9月肿瘤缩小;图11为消融后24月肿瘤明显缩小;图12为消融后48月肿瘤肿瘤缩小为纤维疤痕,无复发征象。目前患者健在。



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    新技术.值得推广学习.

    0

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    2018-04-30 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-04-28 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有

    0

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    2018-04-28 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐

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    2018-04-28 wqkm

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    0

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