误诊急性肺栓塞的8大可能

2016-08-21 医学界呼吸频道 医学界呼吸频道

由于急性肺栓塞(PTE)的临床表现缺乏特异性(呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联征仅见于约 20% 的患者),容易与其他疾病相混淆,所以临床上的误诊率极高。急性肺栓塞的鉴别诊断,一直都是临床上的热点。PTE 的症状缺乏特异性,临床表现取决于栓子的大小、数量、栓塞的部位及患者是否存在心肺等器官基础疾病等。小栓子在不重要的位置栓塞,患者可能仅有少许咳嗽、甚至没有任何临床表现,但大血栓死死堵在肺动脉口时可发生

由于急性肺栓塞(PTE)的临床表现缺乏特异性(呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血三联征仅见于约 20% 的患者),容易与其他疾病相混淆,所以临床上的误诊率极高。急性肺栓塞的鉴别诊断,一直都是临床上的热点。


PTE 的症状缺乏特异性,临床表现取决于栓子的大小、数量、栓塞的部位及患者是否存在心肺等器官基础疾病等。小栓子在不重要的位置栓塞,患者可能仅有少许咳嗽、甚至没有任何临床表现,但大血栓死死堵在肺动脉口时可发生猝死。


急性肺栓塞的哪些症状易与其他疾病相混淆?


2015版急性肺栓塞诊治中国专家共识指出:分析了 1880 例急性肺栓塞患者的临床表现出现频率为,呼吸困难(50%)、胸膜性胸痛(39%)、咳嗽(23%)、胸骨后胸痛(15%)、发热(10%)、咯血(8%)、晕厥(6%)、单侧肢体肿胀(24%)和单侧肢体疼痛(6%)。患者如果仅表现以上任何一种症状时,非常容易漏诊。谁会想到一个发热的患者竟然是PTE呢,问题是,患者真的仅仅是只有发热吗?没有其他危险因素了吗?没有其他隐匿的临床表现吗?


下面我们总结常见的 PTE 误诊疾病。


(一)急性冠脉综合征


最需要与急性肺栓塞鉴别的急症当急性冠脉综合征(ACS)莫属。部分 PTE 患者因血流动力学改变(高危组),可出现冠状动脉供血不足、心肌缺氧,表现为胸闷、心绞痛样胸痛,心电图也有心肌缺血样改变,容易诊断为急性冠脉综合征。


冠心病有其自身发病特点,冠脉造影可见冠脉粥样硬化、管腔阻塞证据,心肌梗死时心电图和心肌酶、肌钙蛋白有相应的特征性动态变化。但我们不可能每一个病人都要依靠冠脉造影来鉴别诊断,所以充分了解患者的临床情况尤为重要。比如患者是否有长期卧床、恶性肿瘤、创伤手术、口服避孕药等 PTE 危险因素,急诊做超声心动图是否有提示右室功能障碍等,必要时行 CTA 检查。


一旦确诊急性肺栓塞,就要涉及溶栓治疗,所以正确诊断非常重要(必须要有客观确切证据提示 PTE),切不可根据一些模棱两可的检查结果而草率溶栓。无论如何,充分做好病情沟通工作。争取获得家属的信任与理解。


(二)主动脉夹层


这是一个急危重症。PTE 可表现为胸痛,部分患者可出现休克(高危组),这除了与急性冠脉综合征鉴别外,还需除外主动脉夹层。后者多有高血压,疼痛较为剧烈,胸片常显示纵膈增宽,心脏超声和胸部 CT 造影可见主动脉夹层征象。


如果无法鉴别PTE和主动脉夹层,果断行胸部 CT 检查。患者患者是 PTE,我们需要溶栓,而如果患者是主动脉夹层,这溶栓药一进去,可能就悲剧了。PTE、急性冠脉综合征、主动脉夹层这三个难兄难弟的鉴别诊断一定要时刻警惕,毕竟它们的治疗方案截然不同,落了任何一个都可能顷刻毙命。


(三)肺炎


当 PTE 表现为咳嗽、咯血、呼吸困难、胸膜炎样疼痛,出现肺不张、肺部阴影,尤其是合并发热时,非常容易误诊为肺炎。但肺炎有高热、咳脓性痰、寒战等,并有相应肺部和全身感染的表现,比如外周血白细胞增多,抗感染治疗有效等。


但如果我们等到“抗感染无效”的时候才考虑 PTE,我们就已经在误诊的路上了。所以,还是强调那句“只有提高诊断 PTE 的意识,才有可能最大可能避免误诊”。一旦遇到有上述表现的患者,就要寻找有无相关PTE的危险因素。


(四)血管神经性晕厥


急性肺栓塞发生晕厥时容易被误诊为血管神经性晕厥或其他原因所致晕厥。



1、单纯性晕厥多见于体质瘦弱的女性(比如紫薇格格),多有诱因及前驱症状,容易在炎热拥挤的缓解疲劳状态下发生;


2、排尿性晕厥多见于年轻男性,发生在排尿时或后;


3、咳嗽性晕厥多见于存在慢性肺病的中老年男性;


4、心源性晕厥则多有心脏病史,晕厥发生突然,有可能是因为恶性心律失常发作。


以上是各种不同原因所致晕厥,而 PTE 也可以晕厥为首发症状,对不明原因晕厥者必须注意询问有无发生 PTE 的危险因素,警惕 PTE 的魔爪。



(五)急性心包填塞


症状与急性肺栓塞相似,但急性心包填塞体格检查有心浊音界扩大,心音遥远,可出现颈静脉怒张,肝颈静脉反流征阳性;心电图呈低电压、普遍性 ST 段弓背向下抬高、T 波改变。如果允许,可通过心脏彩超来鉴别。


(六)非血栓性(脂肪、羊水、空气、感染栓子等)肺栓塞


我们常说的肺栓塞,大多数时候指的是肺血栓栓塞,只不过肺栓塞栓塞最为常见,所以直接称为肺栓塞。但我们必须知道,肺栓塞不仅仅是肺血栓栓塞。一个严重创伤特别是长骨骨折患者,临床表现为呼吸衰竭、脑功能障碍、皮肤瘀斑,我们要警惕脂肪栓塞,CTPA 可显示肺动脉腔内有充盈缺损。


(七)其他原因所致的休克


PET所致的休克属于心外梗阻性休克,表现为动脉血压低而静脉压高(需要放置中心静脉管来监测),需与心源性休克、分布性休克、低血容量性休克等鉴别。这类 PTE 患者多见于已经在院的病人,一旦患者出现休克,我们就要寻找休克的病因,而 PTE 就可能是其中之一病因。


除此之外,急性肺栓塞还需要与 ARDS、支气管哮喘、急性左心衰竭、气胸等疾病相鉴别,因为这些疾病都可以表现为呼吸困难,而呼吸困难是PTE最常见的临床表现。


PTE 并不是一个罕见的疾病,每次见到有呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血的患者时,要记得常规排除 PTE,常规排除急性冠脉综合征、气胸、主动脉夹层等能短时间致命的危急重症。


参考文献

[1] 协和呼吸病学 . 第二版

[2] 急性肺栓塞的诊断与治疗中国专家工作 . 2015

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    2016-09-25 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

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    2016-08-30 1771ae4158m

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    0

  3. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-28 李东泽

    很好的学习知识。

    0

  4. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-26 大旺旺

    好文章啊

    0

  5. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-26 1771ae4158m

    涨知识了

    0

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createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJnkE6UvGFfMS41qV0RicWvVTTeLMicqibeZH5GqO4YhNicyl1Y9jFhylIUBn9ntPYy9jhk5hrfic5cRYw/132, createdBy=5f822500020, createdName=ms5236388012055669, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 11:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102406, encodeId=cff810240688, content=可怕的疾病,误诊更可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 22:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102353, encodeId=ff59102353f6, content=学习啦,很祥细, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-24 1771ae4158m

    继续学习,好文章

    0

  7. 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status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=104692, encodeId=5c1f10469225, content=涨知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/23/ac01daf0962458a9eb8c0b1e2f6ce5bc.jpg, createdBy=04b81710322, createdName=1771ae4158m, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102781, encodeId=f6e5102e81a2, content=继续学习,好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/23/ac01daf0962458a9eb8c0b1e2f6ce5bc.jpg, createdBy=04b81710322, createdName=1771ae4158m, createdTime=Wed Aug 24 07:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102720, encodeId=3f21102e205d, content=三大病种引起胸痛症状一定要相鉴别!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e33e1940840, createdName=1e0ef2e0m59(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 23 22:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323473, encodeId=e3b113234e37c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a94a52391e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性肺栓塞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52391, encryptionId=a94a52391e7, topicName=急性肺栓塞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJnkE6UvGFfMS41qV0RicWvVTTeLMicqibeZH5GqO4YhNicyl1Y9jFhylIUBn9ntPYy9jhk5hrfic5cRYw/132, createdBy=5f822500020, createdName=ms5236388012055669, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 11:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102406, encodeId=cff810240688, content=可怕的疾病,误诊更可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 22:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102353, encodeId=ff59102353f6, content=学习啦,很祥细, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-23 1e0ef2e0m59(暂无匿称)

    三大病种引起胸痛症状一定要相鉴别!

    0

  8. 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  9. 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createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJnkE6UvGFfMS41qV0RicWvVTTeLMicqibeZH5GqO4YhNicyl1Y9jFhylIUBn9ntPYy9jhk5hrfic5cRYw/132, createdBy=5f822500020, createdName=ms5236388012055669, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 11:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102406, encodeId=cff810240688, content=可怕的疾病,误诊更可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 22:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102353, encodeId=ff59102353f6, content=学习啦,很祥细, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 茶马古道

    可怕的疾病,误诊更可怕!

    0

  10. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=134865, encodeId=b87e13486582, content=文章很好值得关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 25 09:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=107593, encodeId=8ffa10e59399, content=有用,收藏了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/23/ac01daf0962458a9eb8c0b1e2f6ce5bc.jpg, createdBy=04b81710322, createdName=1771ae4158m, createdTime=Tue Aug 30 17:03:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=106221, encodeId=168b1062215f, content=很好的学习知识。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzUn81b5CF5ibVPib8jWI92iciaxmqGHlwruOnK4SVZykd4iahqo1hicklIibyZoxm55X7EM8BW9eX1h1hQ2/0, createdBy=8aa81937526, createdName=李东泽, createdTime=Sun Aug 28 10:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=104723, encodeId=a4b1104e23d0, content=好文章啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5e291719269, createdName=大旺旺, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 14:00:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=104692, encodeId=5c1f10469225, content=涨知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/23/ac01daf0962458a9eb8c0b1e2f6ce5bc.jpg, createdBy=04b81710322, createdName=1771ae4158m, createdTime=Fri Aug 26 13:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102781, encodeId=f6e5102e81a2, content=继续学习,好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/23/ac01daf0962458a9eb8c0b1e2f6ce5bc.jpg, createdBy=04b81710322, createdName=1771ae4158m, createdTime=Wed Aug 24 07:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102720, encodeId=3f21102e205d, content=三大病种引起胸痛症状一定要相鉴别!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e33e1940840, createdName=1e0ef2e0m59(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Aug 23 22:06:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323473, encodeId=e3b113234e37c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a94a52391e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性肺栓塞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52391, encryptionId=a94a52391e7, topicName=急性肺栓塞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJnkE6UvGFfMS41qV0RicWvVTTeLMicqibeZH5GqO4YhNicyl1Y9jFhylIUBn9ntPYy9jhk5hrfic5cRYw/132, createdBy=5f822500020, createdName=ms5236388012055669, createdTime=Tue Aug 23 11:48:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102406, encodeId=cff810240688, content=可怕的疾病,误诊更可怕!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160821/IMG57B9667502B1F9208.jpg, createdBy=7a291940143, createdName=茶马古道, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 22:45:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=102353, encodeId=ff59102353f6, content=学习啦,很祥细, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfdY7yem1P7bRvOP6z0jKsBoYR8ezfAricY7meQWcte7LRJsWHVn0CnPJg2JuQmevR0DoFmmEib5QLD2kNESBESQT/0, createdBy=59191706502, createdName=医路开来, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 21:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-22 医路开来

    学习啦,很祥细

    0

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