诺如病毒防治科普小常识

2015-10-22 佚名 上海巴斯德研究所

近日来,一则“沪普陀区一小学54名学生、2名教师感染诺如病毒”的新闻引起了社会各界关注,为了让公众更好的了解诺如病毒及其危害,正确应对病毒感染引起的症状,本文根据已知公开信息整理了诺如病毒防控相关知识,以便公众参考。 1. 什么是诺如病毒?在什么季节流行? 诺如病毒是一种能够引起急性胃肠炎的病毒。与通常引起胃肠炎的细菌不同,诺如病毒的变异较快,是一组形态相似而抗原性略有不同的病毒颗粒。同一时期



近日来,一则“沪普陀区一小学54名学生、2名教师感染诺如病毒”的新闻引起了社会各界关注,为了让公众更好的了解诺如病毒及其危害,正确应对病毒感染引起的症状,本文根据已知公开信息整理了诺如病毒防控相关知识,以便公众参考。

1. 什么是诺如病毒?在什么季节流行?

诺如病毒是一种能够引起急性胃肠炎的病毒。与通常引起胃肠炎的细菌不同,诺如病毒的变异较快,是一组形态相似而抗原性略有不同的病毒颗粒。同一时期和同一社区内可能存在遗传特性不同的病毒在流行,也就是说诺如病毒从来不是“一个人在战斗”。人体的免疫系统一时无法有效应对,因此病毒容易反复感染。诺如病毒感染全年均有发生,通常秋冬季节为高发期,具有发病急、传播速度快、涉及范围广等特点。 

2. 诺如病毒容易感染哪些人群?是怎样传播的? 

诺如病毒常在人口密度较高和卫生环境较差的地方暴发流行,儿童、老人和免疫力低下的人群容易感染,其中儿童感染和发病率较高。病毒主要经过粪口途径传播,也就是食入了病毒而感染,常见的传播方法主要有: 

①食入诺如病毒污染的食物或饮水,食物或饮水可能通过与被污染的手、被呕吐物或粪便污染的物体接触而沾染病毒。 

②接触到被诺如病毒污染的物体,然后经手传播到口。 

③通过摄入呕吐物细小飞沫而感染。 

3. 患病后有什么表现? 

诺如病毒感染后潜伏期多在24-48小时,最短12小时,最长72小时。感染者发病突然,主要症状为恶心、呕吐、发热、腹痛和腹泻。儿童患者普遍出现呕吐症状,成人患者以腹泻为主,24小时内腹泻4到8次,粪便为稀水便或水样便,无粘液脓血。原发感染患者的呕吐症状明显多于续发感染者,有些感染者仅表现出呕吐症状。此外,也可见头痛、寒颤和肌肉痛等症状,严重者可出现脱水症状。 

4 .一旦出现可疑症状怎么办?有疫苗或药物吗? 

一旦儿童出现发热、呕吐和腹泻等疑似感染症状,应及时到医疗机构就诊,并密切观察。避免去幼儿园、游乐场等人群聚集的公共场所,避免与其他孩子接触。诺如病毒感染一般预后良好,以对症或支持治疗为主,不需使用抗生素,严重病例尤其是幼儿及体弱者应及时就诊输液或口服补液,以纠正脱水、酸中毒及电解质紊乱。目前,针对诺如病毒尚无特效的抗病毒药物或疫苗。 

5.如果家里有儿童患病应该特别注意什么? 

搞好个人卫生、食品卫生和饮水卫生是预防诺如病毒感染的关键。儿童患病期间不要与其他儿童接触。如果出现呕吐、腹泻症状,建议不要坚持上学;呕吐物和粪便等要收集好、消毒后丢入厕所,不要随意丢弃,同时要消毒便盆;看护人接触孩子前或处理孩子粪便后都要洗手;生病孩子的衣服、玩具、餐具、枕头被褥等要保持卫生,日常用具要消毒;患病儿童禁止食用生的或半生的食物,尤其是生食贝类等水产品;要勤洗手、勤开窗通风、勤消毒。 

6.怎样对日常用品进行消毒? 

餐具、毛巾等物品可采用煮沸消毒;污染的玩具、桌椅和衣物等使用含氯的消毒剂(84消毒液或漂白粉)按使用说明每天清洗消毒;孩子的呕吐物、痰、唾液和粪便、擦拭用纸等都最好倒入适量消毒剂,搅拌消毒后再丢入厕所。

诺如病毒相关的拓展阅读:

 

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    2015-10-29 wodexinxi

    有用,其他的传染病也可借鉴。

    0

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    2015-10-25 fengzhigu

    好呀

    0

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    2015-10-23 slicer

    0

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    2015-10-23 240612799

    0

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    2015-10-22 Chaddock

    真不错

    0

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