Cell:基因编辑选择性消除线粒体突变 为人类疾病带来希望

2015-05-11 佚名 生物通

线粒体疾病是一种母系遗传病,其可造成一系列令人衰弱的疾病,当前没有治愈方法。在发表于4月23日《细胞》(Cell)杂志上的一项研究中,Salk研究所的研究人员报告称首次成功尝试使用基因编辑技术阻止了与多种人类线粒体疾病相关的突变线粒体DNA从小鼠母亲处传递给后代。 领导这一研究的是Salk生物研究所资深教授Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte。Belmonte教授主要从事干

线粒体疾病是一种母系遗传病,其可造成一系列令人衰弱的疾病,当前没有治愈方法。在发表于4月23日《细胞》(Cell)杂志上的一项研究中,Salk研究所的研究人员报告称首次成功尝试使用基因编辑技术阻止了与多种人类线粒体疾病相关的突变线粒体DNA从小鼠母亲处传递给后代。

领导这一研究的是Salk生物研究所资深教授Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte。Belmonte教授主要从事干细胞和再生医学领域的研究,利用多种模式生物和人多能干细胞等工具探索心脏和血管等系统的发育与再生,以及通过体细胞重编程、去分化和转分化等手段获得功能性细胞的技术突破。在Cell,Nature,Cell Stem Cell等杂志上发表学术论文三百余篇,担任多个学术期刊编委,荣获Roger Guillemin Nobel Endowed Chair,Doctor Benepres Honor Prize等各种奖项。

Belmonte说:“这一技术是基于单次注射mRNA到母亲的卵母细胞或早期胚胎中,因此可以很容易地应用于全世界的试管婴儿(IVF)医院。由于线粒体DNA突变还与一些神经退行性疾病、癌症和衰老有关联,我们的技术有可能对于防止致病突变传递至后代具有广泛的临床意义。”

由于细胞大多数的能源都是由线粒体供给,它被称作为是细胞的发电厂。机体的每个细胞包含有1000—10万个线粒体DNA拷贝,其只通过母系遗传传递。在大多数线粒体疾病患者中,细胞内突变和正常的线粒体DNA分子混合在一起,导致了如癫痫、痴呆、糖尿病、心脏衰竭、肝功能受损、失明和耳聋等各种健康问题。

当前,可以防止线粒体疾病由母亲传递给孩子的治疗方法有限。胚胎遗传筛查可以部分降低传递线粒体疾病的风险,而一种叫做线粒体替代疗法的治疗方法当前正在美国进行评估,并即将在英国获得批准。由于这种方法是采用另外的捐赠者所提供的健康线粒体,将来自三个不同个体的遗传物质组合到一起,这引发了人们对于伦理、安全和医疗上的关注。

在这项新研究中,Belmonte和他的研究小组证实一种替代方法的治疗前景,它利用了叫做限制性核酸内切酶和TALENs的DNA切割酶来直接纠正线粒体的突变DNA。由于不需要供卵,这种基因编辑方法有可能比线粒体替代疗法更安全、简单且符合道德。

为了测试这种方法,研究人员利用了携带两种不同线粒体DNA的小鼠模型,设计了TALENs和限制性核酸内切酶来靶向和破坏这些小鼠卵子中一种类型的线粒体DNA。这种方法降低了靶线粒体DNA的水平,而放过了非靶向的线粒体DNA。注射mRNA的小鼠胚胎显示正常的发育模式,随后研究人员将这些胚胎转移至雌鼠体内,生成了各个器官中靶线粒体DNA低水平的健康幼鼠。并且,这些幼鼠表现正常的行为、线粒体功能和基因组完整性。并且,这些后代小鼠自身所生的幼崽中几乎检测不到靶线粒体DNA,证实这种方法有潜力阻止线粒体疾病跨代传递。

为了证实这一策略的临床相关性,研究人员随后筛查并测试了设计靶向人类线粒体DNA突变的TALENs,这些突变可引起两种疾病——Leber遗传性视神经病和肌张力障碍(LHOND),及神经源性肌无力、共济失调和视网膜色素变性(NARP)。这种方法使得小鼠卵子中的突变线粒体DNA显著减少。“我们预计这种方法将会把突变线粒体DNA的比例降到触发人类线粒体疾病的阈值以下,”Belmonte说。

但是在启动临床试验之前,必须要评估将这种方法应用于线粒体疾病患者卵子中的安全性和效力。为了实现这一目标,Belmonte研究小组正在与几个IVF医院合作在线粒体疾病患者为研究目的捐献的剩余人类卵子中测试这一技术。

“在我们看来,由于人类卵子中有成千上万的线粒体DNA拷贝,线粒体DNA双链断裂通常会导致这些分子被清除,我们相信在生殖细胞中选择性消除突变的线粒体DNA可能会比核基因组编辑更安全,因此为在人类胚胎中研究和利用这些新技术提供了一个起点,”Belmonte说。

原始出处:

Reddy P, Ocampo A, Suzuki K, Luo J, Bacman SR, Williams SL, Sugawara A, Okamura D, Tsunekawa Y, Wu J, Lam D, Xiong X, Montserrat N, Esteban CR, Liu GH, Sancho-Martinez I, Manau D, Civico S, Cardellach F, Del Mar O'Callaghan M, Campistol J, Zhao H, Campistol JM, Moraes CT,Izpisua Belmonte JC. Selective elimination of mitochondrial mutations in the germline by genome editing. Cell. 2015 Apr 23;161(3):459-69. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.051.

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    2015-05-13 huaxipanxing

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    2015-05-11 why1269485891

    OK

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