溃疡性结肠炎规范化诊断:五问五答

2021-11-24 IBD学术情报官 IBD学术情报官

临床中UC的规范化诊断需结合临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜检查和组织病理学表现进行综合分析,对于暂不确诊UC的患者,应予随访。

近年来,虽然溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的治疗水平有了很大提高,但UC的诊断仍是一个临床难题。2021年发表的一项调查结果显示,UC患者的诊断有延迟,诊断时间平均为2.0年。此外,UC作为一种慢性进展性疾病,严重影响患者的生活质量,早诊早治对疾病缓解具有重要意义。

 

临床中,UC的医学进展也倍受关注,从诊疗理念到新药研发都已成为消化科医生关注的焦点,本文将结合最新的国内外指南推荐,聚焦UC诊断中的临床症状、诊断依据与特征、疾病评估、完善诊断等几方面的问题。

 

Q1:UC有哪些临床症状,哪些患者应该考虑UC的可能?

 

指南明确指出腹泻、黏液脓血便和腹痛的症状应考虑UC可能。

 

UC的主要症状包括腹泻,有时伴有腹痛或频繁排便,病程多超过6周,具有复发倾向。因此,如果患者有持续或反复的血便和/或黏液便或这些症状的病史,则怀疑UC。其他应评估的重要症状包括腹痛、痉挛和体重减轻。

 

此外还要考虑患者是否存在肠外表现与并发症,包括骨关节病变、皮肤病变、口腔溃疡、眼病、肝胆疾病、血管病变和肺部损害。

 

还应注意患者是否有近期国外旅游史、用药史(特别是NSAID和抗生素)、戒烟、家族史等加重因素。

 

Q2:UC建立诊断的主要依据是什么?

 

UC的诊断缺乏金标准,主要结合临床表现、内镜和病理组织学进行综合分析,在排除感染性和其他非感染性结肠炎的基础上作出诊断6。其中消化道内镜检查和病理组织学活检是建立诊断的主要依据。

 

表1 关于消化道内镜检查的指南推荐

 

图片

 

表2 关于病理组织学诊断的指南推荐

 

图片

 

此外,在诊断过程中,还应注意UC与其他疾病的鉴别诊断。

 

诊断时应排除感染性病因

 

有些肠道感染症状与UC相似,比如大肠杆菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、耶尔森菌和弯曲杆菌以及寄生虫感染(例如阿米巴病),可通过细菌学和寄生虫学检查鉴别诊断和排除3。此外,难辨梭状芽孢杆菌(C.diff)感染被认为是部分UC患者的并发症,C.diff合并UC的预后更差,是患者不良结果的主要感染决定因素,建议在怀疑患有UC的患者中进行粪便检测以排除C. diff。

 

UC与CD的鉴别诊断

 

UC与CD主要根据临床表现、内镜和病理组织学特征进行鉴别

 

表3 溃疡性结肠炎与克罗恩病的鉴别

 

图片

 

Q3:UC建立诊断的内镜特征和活检组织学特征有哪些?

 

内镜特征

 

表4 相关指南对内镜特征的推荐

 

图片

 

活检组织学特征

 

表5 相关指南对活检组织学特征的推荐

 

图片

图片

左图(HE × 2物镜):隐窝结构显著改变,可见隐窝脓肿,黏膜固有层全层可见大量密集淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润

右图(HE × 2物镜):基底浆细胞增多,结肠黏膜表面呈绒毛状结构

图1 UC活检图

(图片来源:2021中国炎症性肠病病理诊断专家指导意见)

 

Q4:UC诊断成立后如何进行分型和评估病情轻重?

 

2019ACG临床指南指出:UC需要评估疾病的程度和疾病活动性的严重程度来指导治疗决定。

 

疾病的程度

 

疾病的程度应根据蒙特利尔分型,病变范围的类别包括:

 

①直肠炎(肛门边缘 18 cm 内,直肠乙状结肠交界处的远端)

 

②左侧结肠炎(从乙状结肠延伸到脾曲)

 

③广泛的结肠炎(超出脾曲)

 

疾病活动性的严重程度

 

疾病活动性的严重程度主要基于患者自我报告结局(PRO)以及实验室和内镜检查的值进行评估,根据1955年发表的Truelove和Witts标准,UC被分为轻度、中度和重度三类。轻度结肠炎的定义是每天排便次数少于4次、正常体温和心率、血红蛋白 (>11 g/dL) 和红细胞沉降率(ESR )(<20 mm/h)。严重疾病的定义是每天排便次数超过 6 次,同时伴有发热、心动过速、贫血或 ESR 升高。下表总结了用于定义轻度活动性和中度至重度活动性UC的不同参数。

 

表6 2019年ACG临床指南:成人溃疡性结肠炎中溃疡性结肠炎活动指数的建议

 

图片

除缓解外,患者不需要具有特定类别中要考虑的所有因素

CRP,C-反应蛋白;ESR,红细胞沉降率;FC,粪便钙卫蛋白;UCEIS,溃疡性结肠炎内镜严重程度指数FC可用于 UC 患者作为疾病活动的非侵入性标志物,并评估对治疗和复发的反应

 

此外,内镜严重程度评估也应纳入UC的诊断和管理。有几种工具可以量化UC中的内镜活动:

 

①Mayo内镜评分经常用于临床试验,并且在临床实践中易于使用,范围从正常或非活动性疾病的0到严重活动性疾病的。

 

②UC内镜严重程度指数(UCEIS)评分包含3项——血管模式、出血、糜烂和溃疡,在 0~3(血管模式为0~2)的范围内对每项进行量化,总分在0~8之间。

 

下图显示了Mayo内镜评分和UCEIS评分的代表性内镜照片。

 

图片

图2 Mayo内镜评分和UCEIS评分的代表性内镜照片

(图片来源:2019ACG临床指南)

 

Q5:完善疾病诊断是否能预防UC的机会性感染?

 

近年来,包括生物制剂和JAK抑制剂在内的新型免疫抑制剂的引入和广泛应用彻底改变了UC的治疗,然而通过免疫抑制可能获得机会性感染却成为一个倍受关注的安全问题。机会性感染通常难以识别,与明显的发病率或死亡率相关,并且难以有效治疗,完善疾病诊断并及时接种疫苗可预防UC的机会性感染。

 

2021ECCO炎症性肠病感染预防、诊断和管理指南

 

建议所有UC患者最好在疾病诊断时或至少在开始免疫抑制剂(包括生物制剂和JAK 抑制剂)治疗时进行甲肝、乙肝、丙肝、HIV、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒、巨细胞病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒和麻疹病毒的血清学筛查(在没有基线测量值或后两者疫苗接种的情况下)。此外也建议所有UC女性患者在疾病诊断时进行子宫颈抹片检查以筛查人乳头瘤病毒。

 

小结

 

本篇内容结合最新的国内外指南推荐,对UC规范化诊断的几大重点问题进行了梳理,根据指南推荐,临床中UC的规范化诊断需结合临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜检查和组织病理学表现进行综合分析,对于暂不确诊UC的患者,应予随访。

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    2022-03-20 屋顶瞄爱赏月

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    2022-03-24 nymo
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    2021-11-25 ms5000001058494028

    学习了

    0

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    2021-11-25 50277

    学习了

    0

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