无症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄的保守治疗与手术治疗

2022-01-24 中国介入心脏病学杂志 中国介入心脏病学杂志

虽然在无症状SAS患者中保守治疗策略和早期手术治疗策略之争仍无定论,但在仔细的风险评估后,早期手术治疗肯定可以改善许多患者的预后。

单纯主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)很少由风湿性疾病引起,更多的是由瓣膜钙化所致,其中包括先天性二叶瓣畸形发生钙化导致的AS和老年退行性钙化病变导致的AS。前者主要发生在60岁以下的人群中,而后者多发生在合并多重心血管危险因素的老年人群中。随着年龄的增长,AS发病率逐渐增高,由50~59岁年龄组的0.2%上升到80~89岁年龄组的9.8%,其中绝大多数为钙化性ASCAS)。CAS是继冠状动脉旁路移植术后心脏外科手术第二大常见的适应证,也是发达国家最常见的心脏瓣膜病之一。预计CAS的发病率会随着全球老龄化的加剧而越来越高。我国目前还缺乏CAS相关的大型流行病学数据。

CAS是一种慢性进展性疾病,由于缺乏有效的药物干预手段,绝大多数患者会进展为重度AS(SAS)。伴随SAS出现的左心室压力负荷过重以及由此而发生的左心室肥厚可以引起典型的AS三联征,即心力衰竭(以劳力性呼吸困难为首发症状)、晕厥和心绞痛,大约75%的老年SAS患者会出现至少一种临床症状。SAS患者一旦出现症状,预后极差,若不行手术治疗,每年死亡率可达25%,3~6个月内会有高达3%的患者发生猝死,平均生存期仅有2~3年。所以现行的心脏瓣膜病指南均将有症状的SAS患者行主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)作为Ⅰ类推荐。但是还有相当一部分SAS患者处于无症状期,且无症状期的持续时间在不同个体之间变化很大。事实上,在临床实践中,有近一半的SAS患者在最初就诊时没有报告任何症状。最新的一项Meta分析显示,无症状SAS患者在保守治疗期间年平均全因死亡率为4.8%,年平均心脏死亡率为3.0%,年平均因心力衰竭死亡率为2.0%,年平均猝死率为1.1%。各临床研究在死亡率和猝死率上差别较大,这与纳入人群的心血管风险不同密切相关,提示对于无症状SAS患者应该进行个体化的评估和治疗,以求获得最佳的成本效益比。现就无症状SAS的治疗策略以及具体的治疗方式进行简要综述。

1,保守治疗

研究显示,与有症状的SAS患者相比,保守治疗策略在无症状SAS患者中的结局也是可以接受的。但应当注意到,这些研究所纳入的无症状SAS患者要么没有经过严格的评估,要么是不良心血管事件或死亡风险低到中危的个体。虽然近期有研究显示,运动试验期间出现症状的患者无论是采取保守治疗还是手术治疗,其在1年内均没有心血管死亡发生,但实际上采取保守治疗的患者其病情要比手术治疗的患者轻,而且这两组入选的病例数量均太少,以至于在1年的时间内可能不容易观察到死亡事件。

临床中对无症状SAS患者进行仔细的风险评估,对于不良心血管事件或死亡风险较低的患者采取保守治疗策略是可行的。保守治疗策略一般包括定期随访和药物治疗两个方面。因目前还没有被批准用于治疗AS的药物,所以定期随访成为关键。随访内容主要包括在患者每次就诊(至少每隔6个月就诊1次)时询问有无新发症状出现(如果症状可疑,最好使用运动试验来明确)和其他合并症,进行详细的体格检查以及超声心动图等影像学检查,必要时可以选择性地进行无创负荷试验或有创的右心导管检查等。随访评估应该主要集中于血流动力学的进展、左心室功能、心肌肥厚和升主动脉的大小,这有赖于超声心动图、计算机断层成像(CT)和心脏磁共振(CMR)等影像学工具的使用。静息超声心动图是诊断和评估AS及其严重程度最主要的影像学工具,也可以识别AS的病因,评估左心室功能以及室壁厚度和运动情况,帮助发现其他相关的瓣膜病变和主动脉疾病,而且还能够提供预后信息和评估AS干预的时间。运动负荷或药物(多巴酚丁胺最常用)负荷超声心动图可以通过评估负荷试验期间平均压力阶差的增加和左心室功能的变化,为无症状SAS患者提供预后信息。CTCMR可以提供关于主动脉根部和降主动脉大小、几何形状以及主动脉瓣钙化程度的更多信息。当在低压差AS患者中评估AS的严重程度时,使用CT定量评估主动脉瓣的钙化程度是非常重要和有帮助的。CMR可以定量检测心肌纤维化,无论是否合并冠心病都可以提供更多的预后信息。非常遗憾的是,初始采取保守治疗策略的无症状SAS患者,只有一半的患者可以很好地完成既定的随访内容,从而获益。这提示实际临床工作中的保守治疗策略有时可能会让相当多的患者处于致死致残的高风险中。

心脏病学专家一直在探索可以延缓或逆转AS进程、改善AS患者预后的药物,但收获甚少,除了补充维生素K1可能有一定延缓病变进展的作用,但也仅是限于小规模的随机对照研究。

虽然在AS患者中使用他汀已显示可以降低缺血性心血管事件的风险(主要是降低对冠状动脉旁路移植术的需求),但至今还没有研究证明他汀可以有效预防AS相关不良事件。而且当前指南也未推荐在单纯AS患者中常规使用他汀进行治疗。已有组织学和基因学的证据显示,脂蛋白(a)[Lpa)]与CAS之间存在因果联系,而且在所有探讨血脂谱与CAS发生发展之间相关性的临床研究中,唯独Lpa)有着一致性的结果,即血清Lpa)水平的升高与CAS的发生发展显著相关。前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9PCSK9)抑制药可以降低血清Lpa)水平,而且目前已研发出专门针对Lpa)的药物[AKCEA-APOa-LRxIONIS-APOaRxAMG 890],但这些药物能否延缓CAS的发生发展需要进一步的研究。   

新研究发现,无症状中至重度AS患者使用钙通道阻滞药进行降压治疗会明显增加死亡风险。在无症状SAS患者中需谨慎使用钙通道阻滞药。目前还没有相关研究来探索起始采用保守治疗策略的无症状SAS患者使用β阻滞药进行降压治疗的预后影响;然而,Bang等研究发现β阻滞药并没有增加无症状轻至中度AS患者全因死亡、心脏猝死或心血管死亡的风险。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统参与了CAS的发病机制,所以被认为是治疗CAS潜在的干预靶点。有研究显示,血管紧张素受体拮抗药可以延缓AS进展,且没有增加死亡率。几项大型的前瞻性和回顾性观察性研究显示,肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制药可以改善左心室重构,甚至降低全因死亡率和不良心血管事件的发生率。一项随机双盲安慰剂对照研究一共纳入100例随机接受雷米普利或安慰剂治疗的无症状中至重度AS患者,随访1年后发现,雷米普利可以显著降低左心室质量,虽然雷米普利使AS进展更为缓慢,但与安慰剂组相比,差异无统计学意义[主动脉瓣面积:(0.0±0.1cm2比(–0.2±0.1cm2P=0.067],此研究也未发现两组在主要不良心脏事件方面有明显差异。基于临床研究显示,良好的血压控制可以使AS患者获益,尤其是使用肾素-血管紧张素系统抑制药进行降压治疗,所以当前指南和专家共识均推荐对合并高血压的无症状或有症状的AS患者进行恰当和优化的降压治疗。心力衰竭是患者预后不良的一个重要预测因素,如果有心力衰竭症状的患者不合适或正在等待外科AVRSAVR)或经导管AVRTAVR)治疗,那么应该按照心力衰竭指南给予患者标准的抗心力衰竭治疗。

2  手术治疗

当前SAS的手术治疗方式主要包括介入治疗和外科手术治疗(即SAVR),其中介入治疗又包括球囊瓣膜成形术和TAVR。已经明确的是有症状(也包括运动试验期间出现的症状)的SAS患者均需要手术治疗,其中AVR,无论是SAVR还是TAVR,是唯一显示可以改善生存率的治疗手段。但是,对于无症状SAS患者来说,手术干预的最佳时间仍不确定,存有争议。事实上,在随访期间准确把握哪些患者已经达到有症状的状态或指南所推荐的类或Ⅱa类手术指征是相当困难的,而且随着患者年龄的增长以及左心室收缩功能不全的加重,手术风险显著升高。值得注意的是,Pellikka等的研究发现,在662例采取保守治疗的无症状SAS患者中,有15%的患者虽然在随访期间出现了新发症状,达到了指南所推荐的类手术指征,但由于发生了非常严重的并发症而丧失了手术机会,导致这些患者不能接受SAVR治疗。既往对于无症状SAS患者主要采取保守治疗策略的原因之一就是存在较高的手术死亡率,但当前单纯SAVR尤其是TAVR的手术死亡率非常低,所以越来越多的学者建议应尽早对无症状SAS患者进行手术干预。再者,SAS患者一旦出现症状预后极差,即使是在手术治疗之后也会存在较高的近、远期死亡风险,而且因左心室压力负荷过重而遭受严重损害的心肌也不可能再恢复。这提示我们为致残致死高风险的无症状SAS患者尽早进行手术是合理的。如果患者属于真正无症状且风险评估为低危的SAS患者,即影像学检查、负荷试验以及生物标志物均无明显异常,那么保守治疗策略是安全的,一般来说,患者会有一个相对较低的死亡风险,此时行手术治疗可能没有获益。

手术治疗后潜在的长期并发症(如感染性心内膜炎、再次手术、血栓形成、生物瓣膜衰败等)也需要得到妥善解决,否则即使致残致死高风险的无症状SAS患者接受了手术治疗,以上问题同样会严重影响患者术后的生存率。

2. 1  球囊瓣膜成形术

对因并存疾病和身体状态而不能接受AVR治疗的患者可以考虑使用球囊瓣膜成形术进行姑息治疗。球囊瓣膜成形术也可用于外科手术高危的不稳定患者在接受SAVRTAVR治疗之前的桥接治疗。球囊瓣膜成形术的主要并发症包括严重主动脉瓣反流和卒中,其手术死亡率大约为5%,近11%的患者可能在术后30 d死亡。而且球囊瓣膜成形术不能改善患者的长期生存率,术后1年的生存率大约为50%2年为35%,而3年仅为20%

2. 2  AVRSAVRTAVR   

在负荷试验中出现症状的假性无症状SAS患者应当被定义为有症状,此类患者接受AVR治疗为类推荐;负荷试验中没有出现症状的真正无症状SAS患者应该有选择性地进行其他影像学或功能学检查或生物标志物检测。如果合并出现的阳性结果越多,那么发生死亡或不良心血管事件的风险越高,AVR治疗后的获益也就越多,在与患者及其家属充分沟通后,应该考虑早期进行AVR治疗。

实施AVR时应该选择SAVR还是TAVR需要考虑多方面因素,比如美国胸外科医师学会(STS)或欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统EuroSCORE Ⅱ)评分、体能、认知功能、心血管或非心血管合并症、主动脉瓣及其瓣周结构的解剖学特征等。

外科手术在严重心脏瓣膜病的治疗中一直处于中心地位,SAS也不例外,但SAVR有其固有的局限性,不能应用于所有需要接受手术治疗的患者。由此产生了经导管微创治疗,也就是所谓的TAVRSAVR一般为开胸手术,创伤相对较大,但可以同时处理其他严重的瓣膜疾病或同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术。对于外科手术风险高危或存在明显外科手术禁忌的患者,一般不再考虑行SAVR治疗,而TAVR的出现给这类患者带来了曙光,且适应证已拓展至外科手术风险低、中危的患者。TAVR因其创伤性小,有着媲美SAVR的低死亡率,且卒中发生率、再入院率和新发心房颤动的发生率明显低于SAVR,因此在全球范围内TAVR的实施例数逐年增加,有取代SAVR的趋势。但TAVR相对于SAVR,会明显增加永久心脏起搏器的植入率和瓣膜血栓的发生率,且目前关于TAVR生物瓣膜长期耐用性的数据仍不足。SAS患者常合并主动脉瓣反流,其中中度及以上主动脉瓣反流的存在明显影响TAVR的手术效果;相较于欧美发达国家,我国主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形在SAS患者中占比更高,且瓣膜钙化更重,TAVR对于此类患者的治疗效果还没有得到验证。因此,对于伴有中度及以上主动脉瓣反流或二瓣化畸形的SAS患者,SAVR仍是标准的治疗手段。

关于TAVR的随机对照研究均入选的是有症状的SAS患者,中位年龄在75岁以上,但此年龄段的老年人大多体能减退,活动量减少,甚至因卒中或骨关节病变等疾病而部分或完全丧失活动能力,致使患者在就诊时不会报告任何症状。但此部分患者发生死亡或不良心血管事件的风险可能明显升高,接受AVR治疗可能会明显获益。但如果外科手术风险高危或存在明显外科手术禁忌,那么,其中会有相当一部分患者因此而失去手术机会,最终致残、致死。现已发表的随机对照研究均显示对外科手术风险高危或存在外科手术禁忌的有症状的SAS患者实施TAVR,较标准的保守治疗能够产生更为明显的生存获益,并且可以极大程度地改善患者的症状和生活质量。虽然目前缺乏TAVR对无症状SAS患者获益的随机对照研究,且当前指南也未推荐对无症状SAS患者可行TAVR治疗,但有理由相信经过严格的评估后实施TAVR,应该会产生比保守治疗更好的生存获益。

在外科手术风险低、中危的有症状的SAS患者中,行SAVRTAVR治疗的主要终点事件无明显统计学差异,所以我们有理由推测,在适合接受AVR治疗的外科手术风险低、中危的无症状SAS患者中,选择TAVR治疗也是可以接受的。SAVR对于外科手术风险高危的无症状患者似乎需要付出更大的代价,比如需要承受手术死亡率可能增加的风险。但TAVR,尤其是经股动脉途径的TAVR,因其创伤性小,且技术和器械越来越成熟、完善,用于治疗外科手术风险升高的无症状SAS患者似乎更为安全、稳妥。新近出现的无缝合/快速置入人工瓣膜技术(SL-AVR),有着比常规TAVR更低的手术死亡率。由此可见,随着TAVR技术的成熟和完善,可以慢慢打消医师对手术本身增加无症状SAS患者死亡风险的顾虑,让真正需要手术治疗但又同时存在外科手术禁忌的无症状SAS患者可以从TAVR中获益。

3  治疗策略

目前对于无症状SAS患者的治疗策略仍存争议,到底是行早期手术(定义为在SAS诊断后3个月内接受AVR治疗)还是保守治疗尚没有定论。现行指南中对于早期手术的推荐,即左心室射血分数<50%类推荐)、运动试验中出现症状(类推荐)或运动耐量减低(Ⅱa类推荐)或收缩压降低(Ⅱa类推荐)、主动脉喷速峰值≥5.0 m/s[美国心脏协会(AHA/美国心脏病学会(ACCⅡa类推荐]或>5.5 m/s[欧洲心脏病学会(ESCⅡa类推荐]、快速病变进展伴严重瓣膜钙化(Ⅱa类推荐)、存在重度肺动脉高压[有创测量证实静息肺动脉收缩压≥60 mmHg1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)](Ⅱa类推荐)以及在没有其他解释的情况下,反复测量证实脑钠肽(BNP)水平明显升高(>3倍的年龄和性别校正的正常值)(Ⅱa类推荐),大都还是基于专家共识,缺乏相关的循证医学证据。《2014AHA/ACC心脏瓣膜病管理指南》指出,当为无症状的严重心脏瓣膜病患者制定治疗方案时,咨询或将患者转诊至一个优秀的心脏瓣膜中心是合理的,并作为Ⅱa类推荐。所以当接诊无症状SAS患者时,多学科组成的心脏瓣膜团队可以通过综合性地评估风险(AS相关不良事件风险和手术风险)和获益而给出一个合理的治疗方案。当前的建议是通过影像学检查[静息超声心动图、主动脉瓣CT钙化评分、CMR等]、负荷试验(运动试验、负荷超声心动图、心肺运动试验等)和生物标志物(BNP、心肌肌钙蛋白等)的综合评估手段,对无症状SAS患者进行危险分层,以便采取个体化的治疗策略。

已在2019AHA年会上发布最终结果的RECOVERYEarly Surgery Versus Conventional Treatment in Very Severe Aortic Stenosis)研究(NCT01161732)是一项韩国多中心随机对照研究,旨在评估无症状的极重度AS(定义为主动脉瓣面积≤0.75 cm2伴主动脉喷速峰值≥4.5 m/s或平均跨瓣压差≥50 mmHg)患者行保守治疗与手术治疗的安全性和获益。该研究是目前关于无症状SAS唯一可获得研究结果的随机对照研究。该研究一共纳入145例患者,随机分为早期手术组(全部为SAVR73例)和保守治疗组(72例),主要终点为术后30 d死亡(通常称为手术死亡率)或整个随访期间心血管死亡的复合终点,次要终点为随访期间的全因死亡;在意向性治疗分析中,主要终点事件在早期手术组中仅发生了1例(1%),而在保守治疗组中发生了11例(15%)(HR 0.0995%CI 0.01~0.67P=0.003),另外,早期手术组死亡5例(7%),而保守治疗组死亡15例(21%)(HR 0.3395%CI 0.12~0.90)。该研究证实,在无症状的极重度AS患者中,接受早期AVR治疗的患者其手术死亡率或心血管死亡率明显低于接受保守治疗的患者。然而,与实际临床治疗的患者相比,该研究纳入的患者更年轻,合并症更少,主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形的发病率更高。正在进行的一项多中心随机对照研究——AVATARaortic valve replacement versus conservative treatment in a symptomatic severe aortic stenosis)研究(NCT02436655),旨在调查无症状SAS(主动脉喷速峰值≤5.5 m/s)患者接受早期手术治疗(全部为SAVR)的安全性和有效性。该研究计划在10个国家的15家医疗中心连续纳入312例射血分数保留的无症状SAS患者,并随机分入早期手术组和保守治疗组,每6个月进行1次临床和超声心动图随访,主要终点为全因死亡、急性心肌梗死、脑血管意外和需要静脉用药治疗的心力衰竭住院的复合终点。该研究将会解答不符合目前指南推荐的类或Ⅱa类手术指征的无症状SAS患者常规接受早期手术治疗能否改善预后。另一项正在进行的多中心随机对照研究——EVOLVEDearly valve replacement guided by biomarkers of LV decompensation in asymptomatic patients with severe AS)研究(NCT03094143),旨在探讨无症状SAS患者早期行AVR治疗能否改善与中壁延迟钆增强(由心脏磁共振完成,提示心肌发生了替代性纤维化,代表AS患者的左心室功能发生了不可逆的失代偿)相关的不良预后。该研究计划在英国的31家医疗中心进行,首先通过心电图提示的左心室肥厚或升高的高敏肌钙蛋白I筛查患者存在中壁延迟钆增强的可能性,高危患者再进行CMR检查,最终将明确存在中壁延迟钆增强的无症状SAS患者纳入到研究中。大约有400例患者将以11的比例被随机分入早期手术组(SAVRTAVR)或保守治疗组,每年进行1次随访,随访大约3年,直到获得所需要的终点事件数量。主要终点为全因死亡和非计划的AS相关住院的复合终点,关键的次要终点包括全因死亡、心脏猝死、卒中和新发症状。该研究将会解答使用由CMR明确的中壁延迟钆增强来指导无症状SAS患者行早期AVR治疗能否改善预后。还有一项正在进行的多中心随机对照研究——EARLY TAVRevaluation of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared to surveillance for patients with a symptomatic severe aortic stenosis)研究(NCT03042104)(试验方案尚未发表),旨在评估无症状SAS患者接受早期TAVR治疗(Edwards SAPIEN 3/SAPIEN 3 Ultra THV)的安全性和有效性。该研究计划在美国和加拿大的81家医疗中心纳入1109例无症状SAS患者,随机分入早期TAVR组或保守治疗组。主要终点为全因死亡、卒中和非计划的心血管原因住院的复合终点,次要终点为死亡或致残性卒中。该研究将会解答对于无症状SAS患者早期行TAVR治疗是否能够获益。

4  小结

虽然在无症状SAS患者中保守治疗策略和早期手术治疗策略之争仍无定论,但在仔细的风险评估后,早期手术治疗肯定可以改善许多患者的预后。尤其是随着TAVR技术的成熟和完善,接受保守治疗的患者必须进行有规律的随访,并控制好合并存在的多重心血管危险因素。对于无症状SAS患者,保守治疗和手术治疗还有很多问题亟待解决,期待开展更多相关的临床研究进行探索。

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    2022-01-24 ms6000000656440728

    越来越关注无症状AS

    0

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