lancet: 使用二甲双胍等药物的“宿主导向疗法”也许是降低新冠肺炎患者病死率的新方向

2020-02-19 国际糖尿病 idiabetes

2月5日,《柳叶刀》上发表的通讯[1]指出,采用“宿主导向疗法”(Host-Directed Therapy,HDT),利用二甲双胍、格列酮类、阿托伐他汀等已上市且安全性良好的药物进行辅助治疗,或能降低患者的病死率。

2月5日,《柳叶刀》上发表的通讯指出,采用“宿主导向疗法”(Host-Directed Therapy,HDT),利用二甲双胍、格列酮类、阿托伐他汀等已上市且安全性良好的药物进行辅助治疗,或能降低患者的病死率。

在通讯的开始,作者指出目前已发现的3种冠状病毒——严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)冠状病毒和新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)会诱导机体发生异常免疫应答,造成严重肺损伤,如影像学出现特征性毛玻璃样改变,一些患者会继发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),启动机体细胞炎症因子风暴,导致死亡。目前尚没有特异的抗病毒治疗,主要靠对症支持,ICU内重症患者使用多器官支持疗法。

而与此同时,特效药的研发和临床验证尚需时日。被寄予厚望的翻译成“人民的希望”的瑞德西韦(Remdesivir),是一种RNA聚合酶抑制剂,其实并不是专门针对新型冠状病毒,而是广谱的抗病毒药物。它目前已经积极启动在新型冠状病毒肺炎患者中的临床研究,按照目前的进度,完成临床Ⅲ期试验至少需要等到3月份,进行数据统计拿到研究报告还会更晚,也就是说短期之内还不能明确该药物是否是此次肺炎疫情的特效药。而疫苗也一样,早在疫情爆发之初,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)就认为,最少需要3~4个月的时间,研发的疫苗才能开展初步的人体试验。

因此,对目前前线的治疗来说,挖掘和利用现有药物的潜力可能是更重要的一个方向。一系列已知药物在药物机制研究上观察到的HDT正式进入了大家的视野。

那么,HDT疗法到底指的是什么?跟目前说的生物免疫治疗有什么关系?

从定义上讲,HDT是对抗感染性疾病时,不通过直接抗感染起效的各种治疗方法,而达到“干预病原体感染和定植的机制,激活人体自身保护性的免疫反应,抑制过强的炎症反应,让机体维持平衡的状态”,机制上类似生物免疫治疗。

这篇通讯中还提到,大量药物被证实有HDT治疗效果,如二甲双胍、格列酮类、贝特类、沙坦类药物和阿托伐他汀,以及营养补充剂和生物制剂,有望调节免疫功能、改善ARDS。此外,有着抗病毒潜力,或许能和现有抗病毒药物联合使用的,还包括锌和其他含金属化合物。这些药物可以单用,也可以跟环孢菌素、干扰素、瑞德西韦以及单克隆抗体如治疗类风湿关节炎的托珠单抗(Tocilizumab)联用。最后一批被点名的则是细胞疗法,比如利用间充质干细胞抑制炎症,定向分离和扩增患者体内专门抗击新型冠状病毒的T细胞等。

不可否认,在抗疫治疗的一线,HDT会是行之有效的一个手段,而排在首位的二甲双胍近年来在抗炎及抗感染机制研究方面更是令人振奋。越来越多的动物研究及人体临床试验[3]显示,二甲双胍具有抑制免疫应答的作用。其机制主要是通过在免疫细胞中激活AMPK通路并抑制下游mTORC1及降低线粒体氧化应激ROS产生等方式,最终可抑制多种免疫细胞的活性,如阻止单核细胞向巨噬细胞分化并限制活化了的巨噬细胞的促炎能力,促进T细胞向调节/记忆T细胞转换,降低中性粒细胞的迁移等。而发表在Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews杂志的文章系统总结了近年来二甲双胍作为“抗生素”使用的临床和基础实验证据。例如,4项临床研究(1项前瞻性研究,3项回顾性研究)发现,二甲双胍的使用可使肺结核患者的临床预后显著改善。动物实验结果显示,二甲双胍可以提高枯氏锥体虫病感染小鼠的存活率。体外细胞实验的一些结果表明,二甲双胍可以有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、乙型肝炎病毒、旋毛形线虫等的活性。而且,越来越多的文献已经报道了二甲双胍在脓毒血症方面的特殊价值。二甲双胍在将来有望成为多种感染性疾病的辅助治疗新策略。

原始出处:
 Zumla A, et al. Reducing mortality from 2019-nCoV: host-directed therapies should be an option. Lancet. Published:February 05, 2020.

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    2020-05-26 howi
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    2020-02-21 wincls
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1830480, encodeId=8cea1830480f9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Tue May 26 18:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1677417, encodeId=602f16e74179b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0101e089022' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#病死率#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70890, encryptionId=0101e089022, topicName=病死率)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b4da27497284, createdName=soongzhihua, createdTime=Tue Aug 25 18:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700405, encodeId=6c021e004057f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c0614650916' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宿主导向疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46509, encryptionId=c0614650916, topicName=宿主导向疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=759b30086838, createdName=zhu_jun9847, createdTime=Sun Mar 08 03:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1404740, encodeId=fff21404e406c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1a4f4649925' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宿主#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46499, encryptionId=1a4f4649925, topicName=宿主)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/08904ED76550A0090DB220A7FB81D755/100, createdBy=78512492586, createdName=wincls, createdTime=Fri Feb 21 11:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1027229, encodeId=a5d6102e2298e, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Wed Feb 19 23:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1041508, encodeId=4fde1041508a8, content=二甲双胍,神药!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=misszhang, createdTime=Wed Feb 19 23:05:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-02-19 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2020-02-19 misszhang

    二甲双胍,神药!

    0

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