Biol Psychiat:科学家首次发现婴儿的认知发展水平与特定种类的肠道微生物显著相关

2017-07-24 王鑫英 奇点网

最近,由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校开展的一项研究表明,婴儿1岁时便便中的微生物,还与2岁时的认知有关呢!具有某一特定细菌群落的婴儿,在2岁时的认知测试中会表现得更好!相关的研究结果刊登在精神病学顶级期刊,《生物精神病学》杂志上。

相信很多宝妈们在给宝宝擦屁屁时,顺便会看一眼宝宝的便便,看看的它的形状、颜色,以判断宝宝是否健康。

最近,由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校开展的一项研究表明,婴儿1岁时便便中的微生物,还与2岁时的认知有关呢!具有某一特定细菌群落的婴儿,在2岁时的认知测试中会表现得更好!相关的研究结果刊登在精神病学顶级期刊,《生物精神病学》杂志上。

该研究的通讯作者,Rebecca Knickmeyer ,兴奋地说道“这是第一次发现肠道微生物群落与人类认知发展之间具有联系!”

肠道微生物与大脑之间的联系已经毋庸置疑了,科学家们也总结出了数条肠脑交流的途径,或是通过迷走神经,或是通过血液循环,或是通过免疫系统。


肠脑交流途径示意图:从上到下依次为迷走神经、血液循环、免疫系统

然而,肠脑交流的联系是何时建立起来的?目前,还没有那项研究能回答这个问题。

科学家们已经知道,人类出生的第一年,是肠道微生物定植的关键时期。婴儿从母亲产道或经剖宫产后,碱性厌氧的肠杆菌就成功定植在婴儿的肠道中,成为婴儿肠道中的主导菌群。

之后,伴随母乳喂养或配方奶喂养、以及添加辅食等,婴儿的肠道菌群种类变得越来越丰富,占主导地位的菌群也会发生动态变化。到2岁时,婴儿的肠道微生物群落逐渐趋向于成人的肠道微生物群落,变得更加多样化、更适应环境的变化。


0-2周岁婴儿肠道微生物种类的动态变化图:不同颜色代表不同种类的微生物,同一柱状图的颜色种类越多代表微生物的种类越多

与此同时,1到2岁也是儿童脑部发育最具活力和最关键的时期。这一时期,婴儿的脑部体积迅速增加,到2岁时,大脑的体积可达到成人脑体积的80%-90%!

其中,与认知有关的大脑灰质增加量可达149%,与运动相关的小脑增加量更是高达240%。脑部的这些变化为婴儿的认知和运动提供了结构基础。不过,这一时期,脑部发育如果出现异常,也会导致儿童出现自闭症、精神分裂症等精神疾病。

那么,婴儿的肠道微生物与婴儿的认知发展之间,是不是也存在某些联系呢?为了验证这个想法,Knickmeyer副教授就带领团队开展了相关的研究。

他们跟踪调查了89名健康婴儿,采集了他们在1岁时的粪便样本;利用结构核磁共振成像(sMRI)评估了这些婴儿在1岁及2岁时的大脑结构;还利用马伦早期学习量表(Mullen Scales of Early Learning),从大动作、精细动作、视觉感知、语言表达和语言接受能力等共5个方面,评估了这些婴儿在1岁及2岁时的认知能力。

首先,研究人员对这些婴儿的粪便样本进行了测序分析。就像每个人都有一种血型一样,根据肠道微生物之间的差异,这些婴儿可分成三组:C1组有相对较多的普氏菌(Faecalibacterium),C2组有相对较多的拟杆菌(Bacteroides),C3组有相对较多的瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcaceae)。这3组中,C1组的微生物种类最多,C3组次之,C2组最少。



不同的3个微生物群落,中间灰色实心圆圈代表占主导地位的细菌

之后,研究人员对婴儿脑部的sMRI图像进行了分析。他们发现婴儿在1岁时,与视觉感知有关的脑部区域体积,在3个组别中是有差别的,其中C2组婴儿的最大;2岁时与运动有关的脑部区域体积也有差别,C2组婴儿的最小。其他脑区并无差别。

接下来,研究人员又对这3组婴儿的认知测试结果进行了分析。他们发现1岁时的婴儿认知与肠道微生物群落之间并没有相关性。这可能跟此时婴儿认知发育的速度有关,也可能是由于此时的测试高度依赖婴儿父母,导致出现了偏差。

但2岁时的婴儿认知却表现出很大的不同:C2组的婴儿,认知得分最高(92分);C1组的婴儿,认知得分最低(72分)。当然,这些婴儿的认知测试结果均在正常范围之内。


不同微生物群落的婴儿认知得分结果

这让研究人员很吃惊!因为C2组的微生物的种类更少,理论上推测,认知能力应该更低才对。毕竟,之前的研究表明,婴儿期的肠道微生物种类较少与不良的健康状况(如1型糖尿病和哮喘)有关。

为什么会出现这样的结果呢?研究人员又采用宏基因组学的方法,对这3组的微生物的代谢功能进行了预测分析。

原来,C2组肠道微生物中,与叶酸、生物素代谢有关的基因增加了,而与细菌致病性(如细菌的趋化性、细菌的运动)相关的基因减少了。这就解释了为何C2组婴儿的认知能力会更高了,因为叶酸是神经发育中重要的代谢物,而肠道微生物的致病性降低对神经系统的发育也是有好处的。

如此看来,认知能力的“最佳”肠道微生物组合可能与其他健康状况的“最佳”肠道微生物组合不同。

然而,“肠道菌群是否真的与发育中的大脑进行沟通吗?” Knickmeyer副教授也提出了疑问。她表示“这是我们现在正在开展的工作,我们正在寻找可能涉及到的信号通路。”

虽然,当前的这些发现只是初步的,但研究人员认为早期干预肠道微生物群落的发展,可能是优化儿童认知发展或减少自闭症风险的关键。

需要指出的是,这项研究只是找到了肠道微生物与儿童认知发展的相关性,并不意味着因果关系。另外,对婴儿粪便样本的采集,仅限于1岁时的1次取样。研究人员表示,采用多重测量的纵向研究将弥补这个不足,并有助于描绘肠道微生物群落变化与婴儿认知发展之间的动态联系。

原始出处:
Carlson A L, Xia K, Azcarate-Peril M A, et al. Infant Gut Microbiome Associated with Cognitive Development. Biological Psychiatry, 

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    2017-09-07 sunylz
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    2017-07-24 lyh994

    很不错的研究!

    0

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    2017-07-24 飛歌

    有这么厉害了我的哥

    0

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    2017-07-24 Julie W

    如此看来,认知能力的“最佳”肠道微生物组合可能与其他健康状况的“最佳”肠道微生物组合不同。

    0

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