林华——骨质疏松性骨折围手术期干预

2016-05-25 上海瑞升咨询 上海瑞升咨询

专家:林华 南京鼓楼医院骨科 导读——骨质疏松性骨折 定义: 亦称脆性骨折,通常指骨骼在骨质疏松病变的状态下,患者在日常生活中受到轻微暴力时发生的骨折。【1】骨质疏松性骨折亦属继发性骨折或病理性骨折,是骨质疏松症最严重的并发症。 特点: 骨骼质量差; 骨折愈合过程复杂; 再发骨折风险高。 流行病学:




专家:林华
南京鼓楼医院骨科

导读——骨质疏松性骨折

定义:

亦称脆性骨折,通常指骨骼在骨质疏松病变的状态下,患者在日常生活中受到轻微暴力时发生的骨折。【1】骨质疏松性骨折亦属继发性骨折或病理性骨折,是骨质疏松症最严重的并发症。

特点:

骨骼质量差;
骨折愈合过程复杂;
再发骨折风险高。

流行病学:

全球每3秒就有1例骨质疏松性骨折发生,骨质疏松及其骨折已成为当今人类最常见的骨骼疾病。【2】但是骨科医生对骨质疏松及其骨折本身的认识和处理不足。这表现在认识和技术两方面的误区。

骨科医生认识误区:

轻视骨质疏松病情诊断及再骨折的危险性分析,忽视骨质疏松性骨折及其愈合的病因治疗和干预措施。



骨科医生应当重视骨密度对骨质疏松骨折预测及诊治的重要作用,掌握骨质疏松性骨折治疗前后的不同策略及影响骨折愈合的各种因素评估,提高骨质疏松性骨折治疗的综合技能。而在骨质疏松性骨折干预中围手术期处理至关重要,如何正确认识和理解骨质疏松性骨折的临床表现及病理变化,是围手术期干预正确实施的前提。


正确认识和理解骨质疏松性骨折的临床表现

一、骨质疏松性骨折的临床表现与病理变化

1、临床表现

骨质疏松性骨折的临床变现与普通骨折基本相同,表现为局部疼痛、畸形和骨擦音(感),但骨质疏松性骨折的临床表现与骨骼病变程度存在一定的非一致性,并非所有的骨质疏松性骨折患者均会出现疼痛。

骨质疏松性骨折在力学和机械性能方面具有以下特征:



2、病理变化

骨质疏松症是一种全身性的骨骼病变,病理特征是骨骼中的矿物质含量下降,骨微结构破坏;无论是皮质骨还是松质骨均可出现病变。此时成骨细胞的功能尚属正常,但破骨细胞出现异常转化,并且数量明显增多,骨吸收亢进,同时松质骨的骨小梁体积变小、宽度变细、数量减少。

且骨质疏松时,人体骨骼的骨量减少不是简单地均匀地骨密度下降,全身性的,以负重的中轴骨骨量减少为主,这种变化主要见于非受力方向,此时人体可通过代偿功能使骨组织重新分布,并最大限度利用现有的骨组织来确保在受力方向的骨骼强度。这种改变在皮质骨和松质骨上各不相同。骨质疏松骨骼皮质骨的病变,尤其是生物力学的改变是骨质疏松骨折发生的重要决定因素。【4】原发性骨质疏松的病理变化以小梁骨病变为主,而继发性骨质疏松的病变则为小梁骨和皮质骨共同受累,因此继发性骨质疏松性骨折的临床处理难度更大。

二、骨质疏松性骨折围手术期干预

1、正确判断骨折性质

骨质疏松性骨折分为原发性骨质疏松性骨折和继发性骨质疏松性骨折,原发性骨质疏松性骨折病变以小梁骨丢失为主,皮质骨较硬,手术固定强度跨越对侧皮质骨,术后应注重抗骨质疏松治疗。

继发性骨质疏松性骨折由疾病或药物诱发,以松质骨和皮质骨同时受损为主要病理改变,极易发生内固定或假体植入的早期松动,手术前后应强调原发诱因的控制,以及抗骨质疏松治疗。
临床上通常以排除继发性骨质疏松的方法来判断骨质疏松性骨折的性质。

2、准确评价骨骼状态

普通骨折患者有明确的外伤史及影像学诊断,即可进行手术治疗;而骨质疏松性骨折患者在有影像学诊断的同时还需要进行骨代谢生化指标检测和骨密度测定,以准确评价患者骨骼状态,有效鉴别不同性质的骨骼疾病,正确选择合理的手术方式,确保取得满意的手术疗效。

骨代谢生化指标检测

骨质疏松性骨折患者术前除进行常规检查外,还需对甲状旁腺激素、维生素D和骨转换指标进行测定,这对鉴别不同类型的骨质疏松性骨折,评价骨骼状态,预测骨折愈合趋势,以及确定选用抗骨质疏松药物十分重要。

影像学检查

虽然大多数骨质疏松性骨折为粉碎性骨折,但也有少数为裂隙性骨折,临床极易被漏诊和忽视。因此,术前除常规X线片外,还应行CT及其三维重建,以准确判定骨折,特别是对无移位的皮质骨断裂,CT检查尤为重要。

MRI是目前骨质疏松性骨折诊断特异性较高的影像学检测方法,其通过骨髓信号T2成像分析,对松质骨新鲜骨折,尤其是椎体髓内骨折(微骨折)有特殊的诊断优势;此外,MRI在区分新鲜与陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折,以及提示骨肿瘤等方面亦有重要价值【5】。

双能X线骨密度测定是骨质疏松性骨折围手术期干预中不可缺少的一个常规步骤。骨密度检测无论对手术本身,还是对术后抗骨质疏松治疗均非常重要。值得注意的是,骨密度检测在目前常被绝大多数的骨科医生所忽略,故手术前后的对应骨质疏松干预亦随之遗漏。

3、精确实施临床干预

疼痛干预

疼痛是发生骨质疏松性骨折后最常见的主诉,包括骨质疏松性疼痛和骨折疼痛。导致骨质疏松性疼痛的主要原因是破骨细胞功能亢进,骨量快速丢失,骨微结构破坏;这种疼痛通常在下半夜或凌晨时发生,骨丢失越快,骨量越低,骨痛越明显。骨折所致疼痛通常只出现在骨折部位,较局限。

急性骨丢失干预

骨丢失临床并不少见,但常不被重视。骨丢失包括急性骨丢失和慢性骨丢失。

急性骨丢失:各类骨折时即刻发生急性骨丢失,早期骨折患者临床有时可见血钙上升,血清Ⅰ型胶原交联C-末端肽(serumtype Ⅰcollagencross-linking end C-peptide,S-CTX)升高。创伤性骨折后的急性骨丢失通常为生理性局部骨折修复启动,是骨骼本身的自我保护修复机制。但骨质疏松骨折患者则不然,骨质疏松性骨折及制动所致的急性骨丢失将进一步加重骨代谢异常的恶性循环。

慢性骨丢失(病理性):骨质疏松骨丢失在骨质疏松性骨折发生后进一步加速,从而影响骨折愈合或导致内固定等植入物松动。制动是骨折后引起废用性和局部骨质疏松的主要原因【6】。骨折后常给予制动并持续一段时间此时段骨丢失快而广泛;骨折后局部骨质疏松是在骨折部位及邻近关节周围产生的一种特异性制动性骨质疏松形式。另外,骨质疏松不仅由废用造成,也与血管运动紊乱有关。经长期石膏制动引起的局部骨质疏松好发于干骺端、腕骨及跗骨。应用钢板或螺钉内固定而未用石膏制动后,骨质疏松多发生在钢板下,即因应力遮挡或局部骨膜及骨内膜血供损伤而致;而制动又加重了骨质疏松性骨折的及性骨丢失。

骨折愈合与内固定植入物松动早期干预

骨质疏松性骨折的愈合过程复杂,与创伤性骨折不同的是,其修复受到生物(年龄、种族和疾病)和机械(复位、骨修复)等多种因素的影响。骨质疏松性骨折愈合干预一直是临床十分棘手的问题,主要原因在于骨质疏松骨骼质量差,骨折愈合延迟,再骨折风险高。

骨质疏松性骨折发生后,对于有手术适应征的患者,应在条件允许的情况下尽快实施手术,术后进行抗骨质疏松治疗,同时应兼顾对骨折愈合及植入物松动的干预。

双膦酸盐类药物通过抑制破骨细胞来增加骨密度,减少骨丢失,促进骨折愈合;通过延迟钙化软骨向编织骨以及编织骨向层状骨的转化,而增加骨痂体积。另外,双膦酸盐可重塑骨痂组织,促进椎体融合。骨质疏松性骨折发生后,应用双膦酸盐的时机是目前的主要困惑和争议热点。多数研究认为早期使用双膦酸盐类药物对骨折愈合无直接影响【7-10】。我们认为,对骨质疏松性骨折伴高骨转换的患者,双膦酸盐应尽早应用,而对低骨转换的骨质疏松性骨折患者,双膦酸盐的应用应个性化处理。

抗骨质疏松治疗

骨质疏松性骨折发生后,在实施缓解疼痛、阻止急性骨丢失、促进骨折愈合和预防内固定植入物早期松动等干预的同时,抗骨质疏松治疗及骨质疏松性再骨折预防等措施则应同步启动【11】。临床上,根据患者骨质疏松病变的不同,有目的的采用药物干预,对促进骨折愈合,防止内固定和植入物松动,确保手术疗效,预防骨质疏松再骨折具有重要价值。

综上所述,临床医生应重视骨质疏松性骨折的高发及其危害,对有手术适应症的患者应及时手术。另外,在注重手术实施的同时,围手术期干预应强调三步骤:其一,正确判断骨质疏松性质,辨明是原发性骨质疏松性骨折,还是继发性骨质疏松性骨折;其二,运用骨代谢指标检测和双能骨密度测定准确评价骨转换水平和骨骼病变状态;其三,精确实施早期骨折干预,包括缓解疼痛、组织急性骨丢失、促进骨折愈合、预防内固定植入物松动及个性化的抗骨质疏松治疗和预防骨质疏松再骨折。

专家简介



林华
南京鼓楼医院骨科  
主任医师、研究生导师

江苏省“333”工程人才、南京市代谢性骨病防治研究中心主任,现任国际骨质疏松基金会科学顾问委员会(IOF-CSA) 委员,中华医学会骨质疏松委员会副主任委员,江苏省骨质疏松委员会荣誉主任委员,南京医学会骨质疏松委员会名誉主任委员,《中国骨质疏松杂志》副主编,《中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志》编委,《中华骨科杂志》编委,《中华健康管理杂志》编委,《骨与矿盐研究杂志JBMR中文版》编委。先后在澳大利亚皇家墨尔本大学医学院附院,美国加州大学医学院旧金山分院附院和日本岛根大学医学院附院骨科工作。擅长不明原因的顽固性骨骼、关节和全身疼痛的诊断和治疗,各种股骨头坏死的早期诊治,人工关节手术前后的评估和假体松动的早期预测和预防,儿童骨骼生长发育的预测及障碍分析,各种骨折的早期预测和预防,慢性腰腿痛的治疗,继发性骨关节疾病的防治,骨质疏松、骨关节炎、骨坏死的综合系统治疗,代谢综合症(肥胖、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病)骨关节病变防治等。

【参考文献】
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    2016-09-17 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦,会学到很多,喜欢梅斯医学文章

    0

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    2016-08-31 ylzr123

    好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

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    2016-05-27 Eleven17