Nat Commun:基因编辑治疗杜氏肌营养不良,克服关键难题

2017-03-19 MedSci MedSci原创

胚胎发育是一个不可思议的复杂过程,在这个过程中数百万个分子和细胞事件陆续发生。然而,对于这个精巧的生物学过程,有时即使是单个核苷酸的改变也会严重地改变生活。杜氏肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,简称DMD)就是一个明显的例子。据统计,在全球范围内,每3500名新生男婴中就有1名罹患此病。由于抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin)基因发生突变,肌肉细胞变得脆弱,肌肉被

胚胎发育是一个不可思议的复杂过程,在这个过程中数百万个分子和细胞事件陆续发生。然而,对于这个精巧的生物学过程,有时即使是单个核苷酸的改变也会严重地改变生活。

杜氏肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,简称DMD)就是一个明显的例子。据统计,在全球范围内,每3500名新生男婴中就有1名罹患此病。由于抗肌萎缩蛋白(dystrophin)基因发生突变,肌肉细胞变得脆弱,肌肉被浪费掉,导致那些患病男孩在十几岁或二十几岁时死亡。

DMD由单个基因中的突变引起,这使其登上基因治疗的候选名单。然而,dystrophin基因是最大的人类基因之一,长达2300 kb,有79个外显子,因此,传统的基因治疗方法束手无策,根本不可能将巨大的dystrophin基因包装到小小的病毒载体中。华盛顿大学的研究人员Jeff Chamberlain还表示:“DMD是一种综合征,所有患者的突变都略微不同,需要多种治疗策略。”

既然替换基因不是一个好主意,于是研究人员现在转而采用CRISPR技术来编辑它。使用CRISPR来纠正dystrophin基因,需要细胞具有活跃的DNA修复机制,比如正在分裂的细胞。或者,在成熟的肌肉细胞中,CRISPR可以剪掉包含突变的那部分基因,而不修复它们,让细胞产生截短但有功能的dystrophin。

“基因替换治疗在眼下更容易实现,而且比基因编辑更加有效。不过,基因编辑具有巨大的潜力,并且随着更多的限制被解决,我认为这种方法将逐步用在患者身上,并最终获得批准,实现广泛应用,”Chamberlain说。

让小鼠动起来

多年来,研究人员一直在研究DMD的治疗方法。他们探索了多种可能性,比如将产生肌肉的干细胞导入患者体内,用短版本的基因来取代有缺陷的dystrophin,使用药物促使DNA读码机制跳过有缺陷的外显子,或探索各种基因编辑方法来纠正特定突变。尽管每一种方法都表现出一些希望,但许多结果都令患者和研究人员失望。

当CRISPR登场时,它为人们带来新的希望,因为可以将向导RNA和Cas9的基因包装在病毒载体中,而不需要包装庞大的dystrophin基因。2014年,德克萨斯大学西南医学中心的Eric Olson团队使用CRISPR来纠正DMD小鼠模型中的dystrophin突变。在亲本的生殖细胞被处理之后,研究人员记录了小鼠幼崽中携带修饰基因的细胞百分比。


Figure 1: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in mdx4cv mice.
Figure 1

生殖系编辑对人类而言是不可行的,但小鼠展现出的良好效果鼓励研究人员继续追求这方面的研究,改变策略以适应不再分裂的成熟肌细胞。Olson团队再接再厉,两年后利用腺相关病毒(AAV)载体将CRISPR元件导入DMD小鼠模型,删除错误的外显子,并去除一个移码突变。他们在幼鼠出生后的不同时间导入载体,发现每种方法都能够恢复dystrophin蛋白表达,增强心脏和骨骼肌的功能。

在同一期的《Science》杂志上,来自杜克大学的Charles Gersbach团队和哈佛大学的Amy Wagers团队也利用CRISPR来删除相同的dystrophin外显子,并报告了肌肉功能改善。值得一提的是,Wagers的团队还发现这种方法能够纠正肌肉干细胞中的dystrophin,这意味着治疗效果有可能长期持续。

“这些文章基本上都采用相同的策略,来针对单个相同的突变,”Chamberlain说。“我们想看看是否可针对其他类型的突变,特别是那些并非最简单的情况。”

扩大CRISPR的潜力

Chamberlain的团队决定试试CRISPR的潜力,用它来治疗另一种不同的小鼠模型。在这种情况下,纠正突变需要删除大段的基因组区域,或直接修复特定突变。

Chamberlain解释道:“目前在肌肉中实现基因编辑的唯一方法是利用AAV载体将CRISPR/Cas9导入肌肉。然而,这些载体进入全身的细胞和组织,特别是肝脏。因此,这种方法将大量的Cas9核酸酶导入肌肉和非肌肉细胞,在许多非肌肉细胞中带来长期的靶向和脱靶基因编辑。”

于是,Chamberlain的团队采用了一种肌肉特异的表达框,在不分裂的肌细胞中实现Cas9的表达,并设计了两种基因编辑策略。第一种方法是去除第52和53号外显子,它们编码了dystrophin蛋白的非必需部分;第二种方法直接纠正第53号外显子的提前终止密码子,以恢复全长蛋白的合成。

这个团队最近在Nature Communications上报道了他们的成果,这些方法可以诱导肌肉特异的功能性dystrophin表达,从而改善小鼠模型的骨骼和心脏功能。“我们的方法表明,基因编辑可应用于导致DMD的大多数突变,尽管也许不是全部,”Chamberlain说。

虽然距离DMD的有效疗法越来越近,但在大型动物和人类身上试验CRISPR基因编辑之前,研究人员还有几项重要的任务。Chamberlain表示:“效率仍然需要改进,才能实现治疗水平的基因校正。此外,这种方法还要适应更多的突变类型。为了安全起见,脱靶编辑应尽量降低。最后,在第一波编辑发生后,应找到方法来降低Cas9核酸酶的活性。”

Chamberlain和他的团队正在挑战这些任务,以及探索dystrophin的不同突变,从而为基因编辑和替代系统提供更多的靶点。

原始出处:

Bengtsson NE, Hall JK, Odom GL, Phelps MP, Andrus CR, Hawkins RD, Hauschka SD, Chamberlain JR, Chamberlain JS. Muscle-specific CRISPR/Cas9 dystrophin gene editing ameliorates pathophysiology in a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun. 2017 Feb 14;8:14454.

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    2017-08-15 liye789132251
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    2017-09-17 05870

    被折磨了二十年,能不能快点,快点或许能够救我一命。

    0

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    2017-10-05 liuli5079
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881761, encodeId=2f621881e6143, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 19:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1737041, encodeId=adef1e37041e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ee1810e0ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌营养不良#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81070, encryptionId=6ee1810e0ad, topicName=肌营养不良)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Mon Sep 25 06:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=245119, encodeId=d436245119dd, content=被折磨了二十年,能不能快点,快点或许能够救我一命。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=664f2151803, createdName=05870, createdTime=Sun Sep 17 22:47:29 CST 2017, time=2017-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2086959, encodeId=bcd6208695981, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=490750196b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#COMMUN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5019, encryptionId=490750196b, topicName=COMMUN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7931272, createdName=liuli5079, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 00:13:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181400, encodeId=1857181400be, content=很好,值得学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon Mar 20 10:24:44 CST 2017, time=2017-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181307, encodeId=cf8d18130ea8, content=基因工程将进去临床?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=445f1740270, createdName=meiliwuxian, createdTime=Mon Mar 20 06:42:52 CST 2017, time=2017-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181241, encodeId=32f718124116, content=当CRISPR登场时,它为人们带来新的希望, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20170207/IMG589913E36908D4741.jpg, createdBy=99331680071, createdName=knowheart, createdTime=Sun Mar 19 22:25:54 CST 2017, time=2017-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-20 明天会更好!

    很好,值得学习!

    0

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    2017-03-20 meiliwuxian

    基因工程将进去临床?

    0

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    2017-03-19 knowheart

    当CRISPR登场时,它为人们带来新的希望

    0

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