大脑镰旁急性硬膜下血肿与蛛网膜下腔出血的鉴别

2022-09-10 放射沙龙 影海泛舟

血肿在CT上表现为高密度是由于血凝块收缩后把多于的水分挤出所致,其表面有一定张力(边界),这可以解释上面大脑镰旁少量的SAH为何没有延伸至邻近脑沟内。

这两天本来是在写蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的,但是越写越多,篇幅有点太长了,就把这部分内容单独成文先推送出来。

大脑镰或天幕密度增高一定是蛛血吗?

一直有这样一个疑问,最近查了点资料,答案似乎清晰了许多。

注:硬膜外血肿位于硬脑膜与颅骨内板之间(绿色);硬膜下血肿位于硬脑膜与蛛网膜之间(蓝色);蛛网膜下腔出血位于蛛网膜与软脑膜之间(红色)。

位于大脑镰旁的SAH与急性硬膜下血肿鉴别非常困难,但仔细观察仍然有规律可循。主要鉴别点如下所示:

1.大脑镰旁硬膜下血肿永远不能接触胼胝体前钳和后钳,而SAH可紧贴胼胝体膝部;

2.大脑镰旁SAH其脑侧缘毛糙, 邻近脑沟密度常增高,大脑镰旁急性硬膜下血肿则相对光滑,边缘可有小凸起;

3.少量的大脑镰旁SAH范围相对“较宽”,而大脑镰旁硬膜下血肿则呈窄线状;

4.上矢状窦为血样高密度为支持大脑镰旁SAH诊断的重要征象;

5.SAH可伴随有脑积水、动脉痉挛导致的局部脑组织缺血缺氧改变,而急性硬膜下血肿很难引起此类并发症。

典型的大脑镰部硬膜下血肿(双侧型)并伴有右侧大脑半球脑凸面急性硬膜下血肿,。大脑镰部硬膜下血肿呈不均匀条索状,粗细不均,局部可见多发凸起影(红箭头),左侧大脑镰积血相对较少而显得边缘较平直,局部亦可见小凸起(蓝箭头)。

硬膜下血肿边缘平直是由于蛛网膜本身不能延伸至脑沟内所致,而血肿边缘形成的小凸起则是由于脑表面侧与大脑镰侧压力不对称导致的。注意血肿的密度要远低于大脑镰钙化(黄箭)的密度。

典型的大脑镰前部SAH,血肿边缘毛糙(红箭)且抵达胼胝体膝部的前缘(黄箭头),这是与硬膜下血肿的重要鉴别点。

 广泛的大脑镰旁急性SAH,整个大脑镰呈条索状高密度影,边缘略毛糙(红箭头),部分脑沟内可见少许高密度影,注意上矢状窦亦呈高密度影(黄箭头)。该患者3天后复查头颅CT显示上矢状窦(黄箭)及大脑镰旁(红箭)出血已经明显吸收,这显然不可能是急性硬膜下血肿的表现。

最后放一个有意思的病例:男,69岁,高处坠落2h。

图中可见大脑镰旁多发短粗线状高密度影(红箭头),边缘光滑,符合急性硬膜下血肿表现。但在大脑镰后部偏左侧另见一丘状稍高密度影(绿箭头),且并未延伸入邻近脑沟内,边缘光滑,看起来似乎也是一个硬膜下血肿,但这个凸起似乎比典型的硬膜下血肿要大很多。

24h后复查,该出血灶已显示不清(蓝箭头处),表明该处为SAH而非硬膜下血肿,因为急性硬膜下血肿往往需要2周或者更长时间才能吸收。

尽管硬膜下间隙和蛛网膜下间隙相较于硬膜外间隙,其压力要低很多,但事实上,硬膜下间隙的压力仍然要大于蛛网膜下间隙(要不然脑脊液怎么能够循环的畅通呢?),故大脑镰旁的极少量的SAH在CT上倾向于表现为小丘状或小片状高密度影(红箭),而硬膜下血肿则倾向于表现为一种紧贴大脑镰的线状高密度影(黄箭)。

另外,血肿在CT上表现为高密度是由于血凝块收缩后把多于的水分挤出所致,其表面有一定张力(边界),这可以解释上面大脑镰旁少量的SAH为何没有延伸至邻近脑沟内。腹部空腔脏器的急性出血受肠蠕动等影响,难以形成稳定存在的血凝块,因此腹部急性出血多表现等低密度影,类似腹腔积液。蛛网膜下腔出血位于颅内、脑实质外,蛛网膜与软脑膜之间的腔隙内,该腔隙内脑脊液具有一定流动性(冲刷作用),这种运动力量虽然弱于腹部肠蠕动,但破坏新形成的血肿已经足够了,故极少量的SAH所形成的血肿可以迅速消失(24h)。而硬膜下血肿由于所处环境稳定,因此可以长时间存在。

上面两段为笔者的个人猜想,不对的地方敬请指正。

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