抗生素耐药性危害近在眼前

2017-12-29 王卉 科学网

“你知道抗生素对细菌性感冒才有效,病毒性感冒无需使用抗生素吗?”

现在,进入冬季感冒高发时期,滥用抗生素的现象又有所抬头。

“你知道抗生素对细菌性感冒才有效,病毒性感冒无需使用抗生素吗?”

对很多人来说简单明白的常识,但同时对很多人,即使有些高知人群,却也是知识的盲点。有不少国人习惯于一感冒就输液。

日前,在由联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织共同举办的“抗微生物药耐药性媒体研讨会”上,一位经常关注抗生素耐药性报道的媒体人感触说,他最近接触到的一位高层次的海归,就是孩子一感冒发烧就习惯性地去选择很高级的抗生素类药物,而不知道需要先去做血常规检查,如果白血球正常,说明是病毒性感冒,就无需用抗生素。而且他在采访中接触到的这种滥用抗生素的情况还特别多。

“越是经济条件好的人,越是容易受到抗生素的伤害,因为他们愿意花钱去买贵的、听起来很高级很高大上的药。”这位媒体人感慨。

耐药性严重性不容低估

抗生素的出现如奇迹一样帮人类解决了无数的问题,使人类在与众多疾病的战斗中能够占主导地位。中国医学科学院教授孙静表示,但近几年,抗生素的错误及过度使用让以前对抗生素无法抵抗的病菌获得耐药性,对医疗体系造成十分严重的威胁。

“耐药性会将我们拉入到黑暗的中世纪,不分贫富贵贱。”“在抗生素不再有效发挥作用的情况下,所有大型手术、化学治疗和医疗技术都无法保障其安全性。”

与会专家关于抗生素耐药性问题严重性的提醒让人震惊,同时也有很多人不以为然,觉得离自己很遥远。

原来的抗菌药现在统称为抗微生物药物,抗微生物药物包含抗生素,但是比抗生素更为广谱。

不容否认的一点是,在临床上有不少这样的情况,抗微生物药物耐药性可导致疾病病程延长,另外,对同样的病状治疗,相较二三十年前,要数倍于以前的抗生素剂量才管用,也说明人们对药物产生耐药性后不能像以往那样抵抗疾病了。

无论是从人医还是兽医的角度,解决抗微生物药耐药性问题已迫在眉睫。在世界范围内,它被认为是对公共健康和食品安全的几个最重要的新兴威胁之一。联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织召开此次研讨会目的也正是想探讨,如何提高全社会对“抗微生物药耐药性”的认知,做好抗生素过度使用危害的宣传教育,降低过量和错误使用抗微生物药物带来的威胁。

控制兽用抗生素使用

联合国粮农组织驻华代表处韩梓峰博士主要负责的工作之一是抗微生物药物耐药性的防控。他表示,由于对动物源性蛋白质需求的日益增长,集约化畜禽养殖体系在中国现已普遍存在。耐药性可通过食物链,直接与动物接触或间接通过环境传递给人。与此同时,对养殖动物过量和错误使用抗微生物药物,其残渣排放到环境中,导致耐药性的增强和影响范围的扩大。

养殖业中抗微生物药物的使用不容小视,据中国农业大学专家对于美国一研究报告的解读:人类感染耐药菌20%来自食品动物和动物性食品,兽用药物的不合理使用可造成人的细菌耐药性的形成。

食品动物大量、广泛使用抗微生物药物带来了两大问题:抗微生物药物残留、细菌耐药性的产生。

韩梓峰介绍,动物养殖中抗微生物药物发挥着至关重要的作用,国外20世纪50年代将抗微生物药物用作饲料添加剂,我国始于70年代,作饲料添加剂的抗微生物药物约60种,常用的20余种。

中国畜禽养殖量位居世界前列,因此在对待和处理抗微生物药物问题上也应该相对合理和科学。韩梓峰表示,“中国需要提高食品动物饲养水平,减少抗微生物药物的使用。”

抗生素滥用整治行动在持续

孙静介绍,2011年以来全国范围内开展的抗生素滥用整治行动一直没有停止,而发达国家耐药性问题的严重程度比中国低。

医药卫生部门和政府部门做了很多工作,还是显现出一定成效。比如,在2010年,住院病人的抗生素平均使用率高达67.3%,在2015年下降到39.1%,

来自国家卫计委消息,2011年底至2016年,我国门诊处方使用抗菌药物比例5年来降低8.5%。

韩梓峰也介绍,我国近年来强化了对于兽用抗微生物药物的监管。

中国政府在2016年发布了《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划2016-2020年》,与14个部门联手进行遏制抗微生物药物耐药性的工作,卫计委和农业部也在2017年相继发布了针对人源和动物源性的细菌耐药性国家行动计划。中国作为世界上抗微生物药物的主要生产及消费国之一,在遏制微生物药物耐药性和正确使用抗微生物药物方面取得了进展,联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织对此行动计划也全面支持。

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    2017-12-30 139****0239

    henhao

    0

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    2017-12-29 doctorJiangchao

    谢谢分享.

    0

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    2017-12-29 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注.

    0

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    2017-12-29 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习.

    0

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