eLife:挑战常规!利用CRISPR-Cas9突变证实癌基因MELK其实并不致癌

2017-03-29 生物谷 生物谷

MELK抑制剂正在接受测试的多种癌症之一是急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)。图片来自James Grellier/Wikimedia。 2017年3月29日/生物谷BIOON/---根据一项新的研究,一种被认为是癌细胞必需的蛋白,即母系胚胎亮氨酸拉链蛋白激酶(maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase, MELK),可能实际上并不是如此必需的。来自


MELK抑制剂正在接受测试的多种癌症之一是急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)。图片来自James Grellier/Wikimedia。

根据一项新的研究,一种被认为是癌细胞必需的蛋白,即母系胚胎亮氨酸拉链蛋白激酶(maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase, MELK),可能实际上并不是如此必需的。来自美国冷泉港实验室(CSHL)的研究人员利用CRISPR-Cas9敲除MELK基因,结果发现这并没有对癌细胞增殖产生任何影响。这一发现反驳了之前关于这种蛋白所起作用的研究得出的结论,并且提示着当前在临床前研究和临床试验中进行开发的MELK抑制药物可能通过其他的机制杀死癌细胞。相关研究结果于2017年3月24日发表在eLife期刊上,论文标题为“CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis invalidates a putative cancer dependency targeted in on-going clinical trials”。

MELK是在1990年代后期首次鉴定出来的(Molecular Reproduction & Development, 1997 June, 47(2):148-156, PMID: 9136115)。它与多种生物学过程相关联,如程序性细胞死亡和神经发生。MELK水平经常在肿瘤细胞中异常地升高,而且多项研究已报道在多种癌症中,利用RNA干扰(RNAi)阻断这种蛋白产生能够阻止癌细胞增殖。因此,MELK抑制剂成为几项临床前研究和早期临床试验的焦点。

也正因如此,来自冷泉港实验室的Jason Sheltzer和同事们设计实验来研究在癌症产生中发挥着至关重要作用的其他基因时,选择MELK基因作为对照。Sheltzer告诉《科学家》杂志,“所有之前的文献都表明MELK实际上是一种癌症依赖因子。因此,在我们的实验的初步设想中,我们选择MELK基因作为阳性对照,这是因为我们认为它是一种已得到描述的大家都知道的癌症依赖因子。”

Sheltzer和他的团队打算在几种人癌细胞系中敲除多种未得到描述的基因。然而,该团队采用了一种更加现代的技术,即CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统,而没有采用RNAi。RNAi是在RNA水平上抑制蛋白产生。CRISPR-Cas9通过在特定的DNA区域中引入突变,破坏正常的基因表达。

Sheltzer团队预测正如RNAi抑制MELK基因表达会阻止癌细胞增殖那样,利用CRISPR-Cas9让MELK基因发生突变也将会抑制增殖。但是,实际上,这并没有发生。

Sheltzer说,“我们发现这些MELK基因突变并不影响癌细胞活力、癌细胞生长或我们测试的几种其他的癌细胞表型。”通过进一步研究,“我们不能够发现任何证据证实在我们研究的13种癌细胞系中,MELK基因是一种癌症依赖因子。”

美国桑福德-伯纳姆-普利贝斯医学发现研究(Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute)副教授Alexey Terskikh(未参与这项研究)说,“这些发现是相当是强健的”,并且补充道,这些发现与之前的发现之间存在的不一致性很可能是因为RNAi往往会产生脱靶效应。

美国哈佛医学院的Tim Mitchison对此表示同意,并且指出许多表现良好的RNAi实验,当利用CRISPR重新开展时会产生不同的结果。Mitchison与来自诺华公司的科学家们在之前的一项研究中利用RNAi抑制乳腺癌细胞系中的MELK基因表达(eLife, doi: 10.7554/eLife.01763)。

并不只是之前的RNAi结果需要解释。Sheltzer注意到一些小分子MELK抑制剂也成功地阻断癌细胞增殖,据称,这种阻断是它们直接抑制所导致的。为了更加深入地了解,Sheltzer团队构建出缺乏MELK的癌细胞,并利用OTS167对它们进行处理。OTS167是一种MELK抑制剂,当前在临床试验中接受评估。他说,“我们发现OTS167仍然是有效的。即便当MELK不存在时,它也杀死癌细胞。”

Sheltzer说,如今,他的团队猜测正如RNAi那样,OTS167可能通过其他的机制伤害癌细胞。比利时鲁汶大学癌症研究员Mathieu Bollen(未参与这项研究)说,这种解释可能是有道理的。Bollen与来自杨森制药公司(Janssen Pharmaceutica)的研究人员合作研究MELK抑制剂(Bioscience Reports, doi:10.1042/BSR20150194)。他指出最近的两项研究:一项研究提示着OTS167作用于多种激酶(PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153518),而另一项研究表明缺乏MELK的小鼠没有明显的表型将它们与野生型小鼠区分开来(eLife, doi:10.7554/eLife.01763)。

当前的这项研究的结果对OTS167并不是坏消息。Bollen注意到,MELK在癌细胞中的作用是非常复杂的,而且这些结果并不排除这种蛋白是癌症治疗的靶标,这可能涉及到它与其他的蛋白的相互作用。Sheltzer说,更加重要的是,“一些最为有效的被用来治疗癌症的药物是非常有效的,但是我们并没有充分地理解它们的作用机制。”

原始出处:

Ann Lin Christopher J Giuliano Nicole M Sayles et al. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis invalidates a putative cancer dependency targeted in on-going clinical trials. eLife, Published:24 March 2017, doi:10.7554/eLife.24179

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    2017-09-28 膀胱癌
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    2017-05-30 clmlylxy
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GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1455276, encodeId=f10e14552e6b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce8452137f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR-Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5213, encryptionId=ce8452137f, topicName=CRISPR-Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e8505649833, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1624824, encodeId=e033162482480, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0333412062' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cas#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4120, encryptionId=0333412062, topicName=Cas)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-31 yuandd
  4. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1373904, encodeId=9ef713e39046a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3644e1286f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71286, encryptionId=3644e1286f1, topicName=癌基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ee7b365, createdName=zhucaizhong7766, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972991, encodeId=37d519e2991ba, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d566e3a6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#eLife#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6673, encryptionId=72d566e3a6, topicName=eLife)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C2EFD5CFB07FE291138AD4FD0C98E3DE/100, createdBy=e3d52500031, createdName=膀胱癌, createdTime=Thu Sep 28 10:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2068492, encodeId=3b5720684921b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=59371088215' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Life#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10882, encryptionId=59371088215, topicName=Life)], 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1373904, encodeId=9ef713e39046a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3644e1286f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71286, encryptionId=3644e1286f1, topicName=癌基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ee7b365, createdName=zhucaizhong7766, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-31 respect
  6. 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style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1373904, encodeId=9ef713e39046a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3644e1286f1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌基因#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71286, encryptionId=3644e1286f1, topicName=癌基因)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ee7b365, createdName=zhucaizhong7766, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), 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createdBy=411420689333, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 06:31:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-31 jambiya
  7. 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    2017-03-31 yaanren

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