起搏器植入,不可“一刀切”!

2018-06-25 人间世 医学界心血管频道

对于三度房室传导阻滞患者,我们不能简单地一律植入起搏器,也需积极去寻找可逆性因素,避免不合理的起搏器植入。

对于三度房室传导阻滞患者,我们不能简单地一律植入起搏器,也需积极去寻找可逆性因素,避免不合理的起搏器植入。

三度房室传导阻滞是一个令人望而生畏的名词,似乎就是永久起搏器植入的代名词。但是大家也都知道这只是“似乎”,各大指南都会特意加一个前缀“不可逆”,这样等式才可以成立:不可逆+三度房室传导阻滞=永久起搏器植入。

心内科有许多常用药物,如β受体阻滞剂、非二氢吡啶类钙离子通道剂、地高辛等均有可能出现高度房室传导阻滞,甚至是三度房室传导阻滞,那么停药是否可以逆转房室传导阻滞,避免起搏器的植入呢?

近期我们就遇到了这样的一个难题。

病例简介

患者60岁男性,主因“间断心悸、气短2周”就诊。患者因高血压长期口服美托洛尔缓释片 47.5 mg Qd、氨氯地平 5 mg Qd,血压控制良好,近2周无明显诱因出现心悸、气短,行心电图示三度房室传导阻滞,见图1,查电解质、心梗三项、甲功均正常,超声心动示心脏结构和功能未见异常。


图1:心电图示三度房室传导阻滞

碰见这个病例,我想大家的第一直觉就是该患者有起搏器植入指征:患者存在心动过缓相关症状,心电图示三度房室传导阻滞,无急性心梗和电解质紊乱等表现,虽然口服β受体阻滞,但是是常规剂量,一般不足以出现三度房室传导阻滞,所以考虑该患者本身就存在房室传导阻滞的基础,因此起搏器植入指征明确。

可是我想大家也可能有一定的顾虑,也许这个病人只是对β受体阻滞剂过于敏感而已,停药后房室结传导功能可能完全恢复。

这似乎也有道理,

那我们该如何抉择呢?

我们先看一个发表在《Pacing Clin Electrophysiol》上的一项研究。

研究介绍

该研究纳入标准是应用影响房室传导功能的药物同时出现症状性二度II型房室传导阻滞或三度房室传导阻滞、房颤伴缓慢心室率(平均心室率小于40次/分),其排除标准是合并心肌梗死、电解质紊乱、地高辛中毒及迷走性晕厥等。

研究者将药物可逆性房室传导阻滞(drug reversible AV block,DRB)定义为停药后房室传导功能恢复且不复发(小于7天),将药物不可逆性房室传导阻滞(drug nonreversibleAV block,NRB)定义为停药后房室传导阻滞不恢复,或72小时内恢复后又复发(小于7天),对于NRB组均考虑起搏器植入。

该研究共纳入了108例患者,其平均年龄是68岁,29人(27%)应用至少2种影响房室传导功能药物,75人(69%)应用β受体阻滞剂,其中36人为美托洛尔(平均剂量为70mg)、24人为卡维地洛(平均剂量 13.5mg),其他还有维拉帕米、地尔硫卓、I类及III类抗心律失常药物。结果还是非常出人意料的,发现有57人(53%)均考虑药物可逆性房室传导阻滞(DRB),避免了起搏器植入,见图2。


图2:研究结果示57人为药物可逆性房室传导阻滞

同时分析其临床特点时,发现心衰患者更容易出现药物可逆性房室传导阻滞,见表1。另外如意料中的一样,阻滞部位在结下的患者更有可能为药物不可逆性房室传导阻滞。

表1:药物可逆性房室传导阻滞患者的临床特点



有意思的是,在同是β受体阻滞剂中,应用卡维地洛患者更容易出现药物可逆性房室传导阻滞,而应用美托洛尔患者更容易出现药物不可逆性房室传导阻滞,见表2。这可能与不同β受体阻滞剂的受体选择性的不同有关。

表2:不同β受体阻滞引起房室传导阻滞可逆性比较



回到病例

再次回到该患者,心电图示窄QRS波,其心室率约40次/分,提示房室结内阻滞可能性大,提示可能是药物可逆性房室传导阻滞,但是该患者应用的是美托洛尔,那又倾向于药物不可逆性房室传导阻滞。于是跟患者及家属反复交代病情及风险,强调了起搏器植入的必要性,患者及家属表示要求停药后观察疗效决定是否植入起搏器。

但是奇迹并未发生,住院期间患者仍是三度房室传导阻滞,考虑自身房室结功能异常,遂行起搏器植入术,术后心悸、气短症状缓解。

对于三度房室传导阻滞患者,我们不能简单地一律植入起搏器,也需积极去寻找可逆性因素,避免不合理的起搏器植入。另一方面,对于合并可疑药物的三度房室传导阻滞患者,也应仔细评估其相关性,尽量避免漏诊。

原始出处:

[1]OsmonovD, Erdinler I, Ozcan KS,  et al. Management of patients with drug-inducedatrioventricular block. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012, 35(7):804-810.

[2]TheTaskForce on cardiac p, resynchronization therapy of the European Society ofCardiology . Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm A,Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P,et al. Comments on the 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing andcardiac resynchronization therapy. Revista espanola de cardiologia 2014, 67(1):58.

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    2018-06-28 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

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    2018-06-27 HNYYM
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    2018-06-27 jiyangfei
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    2018-06-27 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-06-26 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-06-26 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-06-26 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-26 zb1235672

    学习了!!!!

    0

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    2018-06-26 yjs木玉

    学习学习再学习

    0

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    2018-06-26 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.继续关注

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