BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health:慢性病高发,原来是饮食不对?每日少吃一克盐,竟可拯救数百万人!

2022-08-30 木子久 生物探索

如何改善饮食结构能保持身体健康,拒绝高盐饮食是重要环节。

生活条件越来越好,但慢性病的发生率却越来越高,膳食不合理作为重要原因之一逐渐被重视。目前,高油高盐饮食在我国普遍存在,含糖饮料消费逐年上升,全谷物、蔬菜水果、豆类、鱼虾类等摄入普遍不足……膳食不平衡,这是我国居民的日常饮食概况,而膳食不平衡正慢性病的主要风险因素。同时,在这其中,高盐饮食又首当其冲!我国是全球盐摄入量较高的国家之一,人均摄入量是世界卫生组织建议的最大摄入量的两倍多。

既往研究表明,摄入过量盐是心血管疾病发生的主要风险因素,而在我国心血管疾病死亡人数占所有死亡人数的40%,从这一数据足以看出高盐饮食对人体健康带来的威胁。

近日,一项建模研究预测,中国人每人每天少吃1克盐,到2030年将预防900万例中风和心脏病,拯救400万人的生命。这项研究以“Reducing daily salt intake in China by 1 g could prevent almost 9 million cardiovascular events by 2030: a modelling study”为题,发表在BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health上。研究人员开发了一个比较风险评估模型,以估计我国居民减少盐摄入量可能产生的潜在健康影响,进而为制定可行的减少盐摄入量计划提供一定科学依据。

图1 研究成果(图源:[1])

在这项研究中,研究人员按照地区和年龄收集了人口规模、盐摄入量、血压和发病率等相关数据,并模拟了三个逐步减盐方法。包括:

■ 在一年内每天每人减盐1克,这一方法的可行性此前已经在我国部分地区减盐项目中得到了验证;

■ 实现世卫组织到2025年减盐30%的中期目标,相当于到2025年逐步每天每人减少盐摄入量3.2克;

■ 到2030年逐步将盐摄入减少量降低至每人每天5克,这是我国政府在《健康与发展行动计划》“健康中国2030”规划纲要中确定的目标。

按照上面这些方法,世界卫生组织和我国政府的减盐目标被建模为逐步减盐百分比,比如每年逐步减少7%的盐摄入量,到2025年总共减少30%。

随后,对相关居民的收缩压水平、心血管疾病风险、因减盐而导致的各种事件进行统计,并将其与尚未减盐时的水平进行比较。

研究人员发现:

■ 中国人群盐摄入量每人每天减少1克,可以使缺血性心脏病风险降低约4%,中风风险降低约6%;

■ 如果按照每人每天减少1克盐摄入量,持续到2030年,则可以预防约900万例的心血管疾病事件,其中约400万例可能是致命的,因此,减少1克盐摄入量持续到2030年,可以挽救400万中国人的生命;

■ 如果盐摄入量减少可以持续到2040年,其累积收益可能达到总计约1300万例心血管疾病事件的预防,其中约600万可能是致命性的。

研究人员表示,如果要实现世界卫生组织到2025年盐摄入量减少30%的中期目标,需要每天减少3.2克的食盐摄入量。如果此目标实现,那么人均收缩压水平将会降低3.8毫米汞柱,缺血性心脏病风险降低约13%,中风风险降低约17%。此外,如果2025年的盐摄入量水平保持到2030年,那么到2030年可预防累计1400万的心血管疾病事件,其中600万可能是致命的;如果2025年的盐摄入量水平继续保持到2040年,预防的心血管疾病事件的累积总数将达到约2700万,其中约1200万例可能是致命性的。

要实现“健康中国2030”规划纲要中“到2030年,人均盐摄入量减少到小于等于5克”的目标,这意味着人均盐摄入量需要每天减少6克。若这一目标实现,则我国人均收缩压水平降低约7.1毫米汞柱,缺血性心脏病风险降低约23%,中风风险降低约30%,其中1700万心血管疾病事件可以预防。如果人均盐摄入量小于等于5克可以持续到2040年,则累计可预防约4000万例心血管疾病事件,其中1800万例可能是致命性的。

这项研究表明,仅减少食盐就可以给中国全体人口带来巨大的健康益处。

一项发表在Cell Reports上,题为“Inverse neurovascular coupling contributes to positive feedback excitation of vasopressin neurons during a systemic homeostatic challenge”的研究中,来自美国佐治亚州立大学领导的研究团队揭示了过量盐摄入对大脑的影响。研究表明,高盐饮食会引发大脑血管收缩,血流量减少,导致大脑局部过度缺氧,甚至可能会造成脑损伤。

图2 研究成果(图源:[1])

在这项研究中,研究人员给大鼠静脉注射高渗盐水,并通过体内闪电生理学以及最新开发的体内双光子成像方法观察,他们发现,急性盐负荷逐渐增加下丘脑血管加压素神经元放电,引起小动脉血管收缩,减少了局部血流量。同时,研究人员发现局部血流量减少导致了大脑局部缺氧。

研究人员表示:“如果人体长期摄入过量盐,刺激加压素释放的神经元会过度活跃,这种机制可导致大脑过度缺氧,进而可能会造成脑组织损伤”。需要知道的是,这一情况在阿尔茨海默症等疾病中也有出现,因此,减少盐摄入对于保护大脑健康、保护心血管健康都是大有裨益的。

近年来,我国慢性病高发,这一情况的持续发展与我国居民长期的不健康饮食习惯息息相关。鉴于此,我们有必要注意调整饮食结构,减少高盐饮食甚至是拒绝高盐饮食。

参考资料:

[1]Tan M, He F, Morris JK, et al. Reducing daily salt intake in China by 1 g could prevent almost 9 million cardiovascular events by 2030: a modelling studyBMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2022;e000408. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000408

[2]Roy RK, Althammer F, Seymour AJ, et al. Inverse neurovascular coupling contributes to positive feedback excitation of vasopressin neurons during a systemic homeostatic challenge. Cell Rep. 2021 Nov 2;37(5):109925. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109925. PMID: 34731601.

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    2023-05-07 shizhenshan
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    2023-05-14 gaoxiaoe
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