Cell Host & Microbe:膳食纤维有益健康,所以多多益善?最新研究显示,没那么简单

2022-05-12 甲遇庚 “生物世界”公众号

了解纤维如何影响肠道菌群,进而影响人体生物化学和生理学,对于有效利用膳食纤维来改善人类健康至关重要。

2019年,国际顶尖医学期刊《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)上发表的一篇论文显示,没有所谓的完美饮食。而所有被推荐的有益饮食都有一个共同特点——富含膳食纤维。

膳食纤维主要是在植物(即水果、蔬菜、豆类、坚果、种子和谷物)中发现的碳水化合物,它们可以被肠道微生物组选择性代谢,而人类无法自行消化。

一旦得到膳食纤维的滋养,肠道菌群就会参与许多有益的生化过程,包括将碳水化合物发酵成短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、合成重要的维生素,以及启动免疫系统。因此,了解纤维如何影响肠道菌群,进而影响人体生物化学和生理学,对于有效利用膳食纤维来改善人类健康至关重要。

近日,美国斯坦福大学的研究团队在 Cell 子刊 Cell Host & Microbe 上发表了题为:Global, distinctive, and personal changes in molecular and microbial profiles by specific fibers in humans 的研究论文。

该研究发现,每一种纤维都与依赖于纤维的生物化学和微生物反应有关。因此,膳食纤维的健康益处因个体而异,而且还取决于特定的纤维类型和摄入剂量。

世界卫生组织(WHO)及各国的膳食指南都建议每人每天多摄入蔬菜水果和谷薯类食物以获取膳食纤维。因为这将对健康大有裨益。因为高纤维饮食可以降低胆固醇水平,促进高糖高脂饮食习惯的人获得更健康的血脂状况,从而减少心脏病发作、中风和心血管疾病的风险。

然而,从化学角度来看,纤维在长度、分支、溶解性、电荷和其他性质上都是不同的分子。它们通常作为植物源的复杂混合物进行研究,这样一来,也使研究结果更加复杂。

在这项新研究中,研究人员开展了一项纵向、随机、交叉试验,以试图了解纯化的单个纤维成分的效果,并研究了膳食中添加两种常见且结构不同的可溶性纤维的生理效应。

两种纤维分别是全谷物中常见的阿拉伯木聚糖(AX),以及在洋葱和菊苣根中常见的长链菊粉(LCI)。他们招募了18名参与者定期补充这两种纤维。

参与者的纤维补充量从第一周(早餐)的每天10克增加到第二周的每天20克(早餐10克,晚餐10克),最后第三周增加到每天30克(早餐、午餐和晚餐各10克)。

研究人员利用粪便宏基因组学、血浆蛋白质组学、代谢组学、脂质组学,分析了18名参与者的血清细胞因子和临床数值。结果显示了纤维和剂量依赖的微生物和全身反应。

平均而言,阿拉伯木聚糖(AX)以剂量依赖的方式改善了脂质谱,降低了低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(“坏”胆固醇)、总胆固醇和其他脂质,并与胆汁酸增加有关,而胆汁酸增加有助于观察到的胆固醇降低。然而,个体的反应却各不相同,有些参与者的胆固醇水平几乎没有变化。

同时,长链菊粉(LCI)的摄入与炎症标志物轻微减少和双歧杆菌丰度增加有关。双歧杆菌是一种肠道益生菌,它能生成健康的短链脂肪酸。然而,在最高剂量下,参与者的炎症水平和肝脏中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平会升高。这表明,菊粉摄入过多可能会有害健康。同样,这些潜在的负面反应在参与者中也各不相同。

该研究的两个局限性是持续时间短和受试者人数少。但研究团队表示,他们依然深入了解了纤维诱导的胆固醇降低背后的机制,揭示了摄入过多菊糖的有害影响,并强调了单个纯化纤维与肠道菌群的关联。

总之,这项研究结果表明,纤维的益处取决于纤维类型、剂量和个体本身,即纤维、肠道菌群和宿主之间相互作用产生的一系列因素。这些结果对于理解个性化营养至关重要。

原始出处:

Samuel M.Lancaster, et al.   Global, distinctive, and personal changes in molecular and microbial profiles by specific fibers in humans. Cell Host & Microbe, 2022.

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    2023-03-26 贵阳
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    2022-12-03 xjy02
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    2023-03-24 维他命
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    2022-05-14 zhaojie88

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