Microbiome:膳食纤维吃的少会引起认知功能障碍

2021-12-30 自由影像之光 MedSci原创

,这项研究在慢性缺乏膳食纤维的小鼠模型中发现了显著认知能力下降,其关键机制在于肠道-海马轴改变。

神经退行性疾病,包括阿尔茨海默病(AD,最普遍的痴呆形式),对受影响的个人、他们的家庭以及卫生和社会保健系统都有毁灭性的影响。流行病学证据表明,不健康的饮食和生活方式因素可增加患AD的风险。《柳叶刀》委员会的结论是,40%的痴呆症病例可以通过解决可改变的风险因素来预防,包括饮食。一项全球饮食调查显示,大多数成年人膳食纤维摄入量严重不足。例如,美国的人均纤维摄入量为15克/天,英国为13.6克/天,中国为11克/天。这明显低于世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的25-35克/天的纤维摄入量。然而,低膳食纤维摄入量与神经退行性疾病风险增加之间的紧密联系尚未建立。

近期,由徐州医科大学研究团队在Microbiome发表研究成果,首次提出了膳食纤维缺乏导致认知功能障碍的机制,补充日常所需的膳食纤维可在一定程度上延缓认知障碍发展。

在这项研究中,研究人员给予小鼠15周膳食纤维缺乏饮食(FD),发现FD小鼠表现出明显的认知障碍,表现为对象定位记忆、时序记忆和日常生活能力的下降。

膳食纤维缺乏15周可促进认知障碍和突触超微结构的改变。对15只小鼠进行物体定位、时间顺序记忆和筑巢等认知测试(A F)。

FD小鼠海马突触超微结构出现明显损伤,突触间隙增宽,突触后密度变薄,并伴随突触前和突触后标记物水平降低。FD小鼠中参与维持神经可塑性和记忆的关键蛋白激酶:钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶II d(CaMKIId)及其相关突触蛋白(GAP43和SV2C)下调。

CaMKIId是胆碱能突触和多巴胺能突触通路之间的核心节点。CaMKIId及其在PPI网络中的相关突触蛋白的改变可能是导致FD诱导的突触损伤和认知障碍的重要原因。

膳食纤维缺乏15周改变海马突触蛋白质组。A-E海马整体蛋白质组的定量分析(n = 3),FD小鼠海马降低的CaMKIId是胆碱能突触和多巴胺能突触通路的核心节点

FD小鼠的小胶质细胞数量、大小及活性增加,海马区炎症因子、小胶质细胞噬菌作用明显激活,伴随pCaMKII、pGSK3β蛋白水平降低,pTau水平升高,提示FD小鼠海马小胶质细胞M1极化(促炎性),并出现突触吞噬。

肠道内稳态对脑功能的维持非常重要,研究人员发现FD小鼠结肠黏膜变薄,肠道菌群到上皮细胞的距离缩短,结肠通透性增加,结肠和血液中的炎性因子均升高。

膳食纤维缺乏7 d后,肠道菌群发生改变,黏液变薄,但认知能力未下降。

研究人员分析了短期(7天)FD小鼠的肠道微生物、结肠参数以及认知行为的变化,发现短期的FD已经能降低小鼠结肠拟杆菌门水平,升高变形菌门水平,并破坏肠粘膜,但没有改变小鼠的认知功能,表明FD诱导的肠道改变先于认知改变。

由于纤维缺乏而减少短链脂肪酸对认知障碍至关重要。

SCFAs是肠道菌群在膳食纤维发酵过程中产生的重要代谢产物,补充SCFAs可改善FD小鼠的认知功能,减少突触蛋白丢失,抑制小胶质细胞激活及吞噬突触,并可部分恢复FD小鼠肠道内稳态,防止膳食纤维缺乏饮食引起的肠-脑轴功能障碍。

该研究在慢性膳食纤维缺乏的小鼠模型中发现了一种强大的认知能力下降表型,其特点是肠道-海马轴改变。值得注意的是,肠道微生物群失调和减少SCFAs表明膳食纤维不足和主机之间的相互影响肠脑轴蚀变。该研究结果表明膳食纤维不足的不利影响大脑功能, 强调增加纤维摄入量的营养策略,以降低与饮食相关的认知能力下降和神经退行性疾病的风险。

原文出处

Shi, H., Ge, X., Ma, X. et al. A fiber-deprived diet causes cognitive impairment and hippocampal microglia-mediated synaptic loss through the gut microbiota and metabolites. Microbiome 9, 223 (2021).

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    2022-08-01 pyaili
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    2022-07-25 sunylz
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    2022-06-20 xjy02
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    2021-12-30 weigq

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    2021-12-18 zhaojie88
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