综述:儿童慢性肾脏病

2016-12-25 国际儿科学杂志, 国际儿科学杂志, 2016,43(10)

儿童慢性肾脏病(CKD)是严重影响儿童正常生长发育的慢性进展性疾病,该病起病隐匿,部分最终进展为终末期肾病(ESRD),需肾脏替代治疗维持生命。该文就儿童慢性肾脏病的病因、诊断及治疗进行了系统性概述,旨在使人们更早、更全面地了解CKD,并采取积极的措施,延缓CKD的进展,防止ESRD的发生。CKD定义各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍(肾脏损伤病史 > 3个月),包括GFR正常和不正常

儿童慢性肾脏病(CKD)是严重影响儿童正常生长发育的慢性进展性疾病,该病起病隐匿,部分最终进展为终末期肾病(ESRD),需肾脏替代治疗维持生命。该文就儿童慢性肾脏病的病因、诊断及治疗进行了系统性概述,旨在使人们更早、更全面地了解CKD,并采取积极的措施,延缓CKD的进展,防止ESRD的发生。


CKD定义


各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍(肾脏损伤病史 > 3个月),包括GFR正常和不正常的病理损伤、血液或尿液成分异常,及影像学检查异常,或不明原因的肾小球滤过率(GFR)下降[GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)]超过3个月,称为CKD。而广义的慢性肾衰竭(CRF)则是指CKD引起的GFR下降及与此相关的代谢紊乱和临床症状组成的综合征。


2012年国际肾脏病组织“肾脏病:改善全球预后(KDIGO)”临床实践指南指出CKD的判定标准:(1)有肾脏损伤的标志1条或以上且持续时间超过3个月;(2)蛋白尿(尿蛋白排泄率≥30 mg/24h;尿白蛋白肌酐比值≥30 mg/g);(3)尿沉渣异常;(4)由于肾小管原因导致的电解质和其他异常;(5)组织学检测异常;(6)影像学检测结构异常;(7)肾移植病史;(8)GFR下降超过3个月;(9)GFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2。


CKD分期


2002年美国肾脏病基金会组织撰写的CKD及透析临床实践指南(K/DOQI)中首次提出了CKD的分期(见表1)。2012年KDIGO临床指南中把G3细分为G3a[GFR 45~59 ml/min/1.73 m2],G3b[GFR30-44 ml/min/1.73 m2)]。


CKD的流行病学及病因


近年来肾脏病医学界已经不再只关注CRF及替代治疗,而开始转至关注CKD的早期。由于各国对CKD的流行病学选取研究对象的方法不一,检测指标及方法各异,造成结果差别很大。全球关于儿童CKD有影响力的流行病学资料较少。目前我国虽然由于产前检查的项目的发展和尿液筛查的开展,儿童CKD的诊断有所提高,但具体的患病率还没有相关调查来确定。国内一些学者通过CKD流行病学的调查,发现我国CKD的患病率高而检出率低。


儿童CKD的病因较多,国外学者们认为其中最常见的病因是肾发育异常,大约占70%。在男孩大多数是由于后尿道瓣膜病,不正常的尿路引流将会导致泌尿系感染(UTI),这可进一步损伤肾脏。肾囊性病变是第二个最常见的病因。第三个最常见的病因是肾病综合征(NS)。其他病因还包括:肾血管病变(血栓性)、溶血尿毒综合征、肾结石、急性肾损伤、遗传性肾病、系统性疾病(SLE、血管炎)和一些不明原因。我国研究者曾将儿童CKD的病因概括为围生期疾病引起肾缺血、缺氧、栓塞等致慢性肾脏病;有家族遗传性肾脏病史者;肾发育异常及不全者;泌尿系有梗阻或反流性疾病者;反复泌尿系感染致肾瘢痕形成者;有急性肾炎或肾病综合征病史者;全身性疾病肾累积者如系统性红斑狼疮、过敏性紫癜、溶血尿毒综合征等。


诊断指标


CKD可由多种原因造成,并且在进展至严重肾功能不全之前一般都无明显的临床症状。国内有学者认为早期发现肾功能受损其实并不难,并提出有以下情况时应及时就医:(1)尿泡沫增多,长久不消失;(2)尿色改变,尿量过多或过少;(3)水肿,以晨起出现眼睑或脸部水肿者为主。诊断CKD常用的指标有尿常规、血肌酐、尿素、血尿β2微球蛋白、尿微量白蛋白的检测,影像学检查,GFR的评估。在肾功能下降之前,蛋白尿就可以出现,故蛋白尿常作为早期肾损伤的指标。有研究表明尿微量总蛋白(UCTP)、尿白蛋白(UCALB)是早期诊断CKD最好的筛查指标;在血清学指标中,CysC是诊断CKD筛查的最好指标,但尚需进一步研究。


肾活检是诊断CKD的金标准,但是肾活检为有创性检查,且一次肾活检只是疾病进展过程中一次静止的记录,CKD是进行性的,所以肾活检不能作为临床上常规监测病情变化的指标。评估肾小球功能的最好指标是GFR。儿童处于生长发育阶段,正常儿童直到2岁肾小球滤过功能才达到成人水平。21岁以下青少年正常GFR见表2:


目前评估GFR的常用方法有直接检测法和公式估算法两种。常用的标志物有内源性标志物和外源性标志物,其中外源性标志物中菊粉清除率(Cin)和同位素标记物99m锝-二乙三胺五醋酸(99mTc-DTPA)的肾脏排泄是目前国际上公认的测定GFR的金标准。但是由于99mTc-DTPA具有放射性,且价格比较昂贵,多年来人们在血肌酐Scr的基础上陆续开发了一些评估公式。由于Scr等受肌肉等因素的影响,Scr的不精确有潜在过度诊断CKD的风险。近年来人们发现胱抑素C(Cys C)是评估肾功能的另一可用标志物,且有研究表明CysC在评估儿童早期肾功能损害优于Scr。由于评估公式简便、经济、易操作等优势现已广泛应用于GFR的评估及CKD的分期。近年来人们开发了大量基于Scr和Cys C的GFR的评估公式,如:Schwartz公式、肾脏病饮食改良简化公式(MDRD)、Cockroft-Gault公式(CG公式)、Counahan-Barratt公式和基于CysC的GFR评估公式。但目前哪种方程更精确仍意见不一,有学者认为评估CKD用CysC更好。国内学者研究表明Counahan-Barratt公式更适于用来评估我国不同性别、年龄和CKD分期的GFR。还有学者认为基于血肌酐和胱抑素C的联合公式比单用任何一个公式估算出的GFR更有价值,特别是对GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2)的成人或儿童。


治疗


饮食


长期以来人们都认为低蛋白饮食可以减慢CKD的进展速度,但目前有很多学者研究发现低蛋白饮食并不能延缓CKD的进展。有的研究甚至显示低蛋白饮食会影响儿童的生长发育,而且2012KDIGO指南中也不推荐严格限制CKD患儿的摄入蛋白量。CKD的患儿晚期常并发生长发育落后,最主要的机制是生长激素-胰岛素样生长因子(GH-IGF)轴异常,多项随机对照研究也表明,重组人生长激素(rhGH)在改善骨骺尚未闭合的患儿生长落后方面有明显的疗效。研究表明营养不良是CKD儿童常见并发症,营养状况与肾功能相关。营养不良与CKD患儿的病死率密切相关,它还可以与炎症和动脉粥样硬化一起组成营养不良-慢性炎症-动脉粥样硬化(MIA)综合征;常立阳等[26]研究表明肾功能越差,患者对蛋白总量的限制越严格,优质蛋白的比例降低越多。在我国,豆类及豆制品是居民膳食中不可缺少的一部分,且研究显示合理数量的大豆蛋白对CKD患者(SLE除外)是安全的。故有些学者将CRF饮食概括为:“两低、两高、两适当、一限制”也就是低磷低蛋白、高热量高生物价蛋白、适当微量元素、适当矿物质、限制植物蛋白。


药物


高血压的治疗


心-肾综合征,这两个器官其中任何一个受损将会继发另外一个脏器损伤。在CKD或ESRD患者中引起住院或死亡的主要原因是心血管病(CVD),其中国外有研究表明,CKD或ESRD死亡患者中有30%-50%人患有CVD,住院患者中超过三分之一患有CVD。儿童CKD的高血压应选择肾素血管紧张素系统(RAS)拮抗剂,如ACEI、ARB类,在降压的同时可以减少尿蛋白,但二者均有使钾升高及一过性血肌酐升高的作用,在使用过程中应注意。除了RAS拮抗剂外,常用的降压药还有钙通道拮抗剂、袢利尿剂、β-受体阻滞剂、血管扩张剂等,但以ACEI、ARB、钙拮抗剂最为常用。透析前慢性肾衰竭血压应控制在130/80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)以下,对于维持透析患者血压控制在140/90 mmHg以下即可。


贫血的治疗


CKD患儿贫血的主要原因是由于肾脏损害导致促红细胞生成素(EPO)生成减少。在CKD患儿中贫血常会导致以下不良后果:减少氧的利用,增加心脏输出、左心室肥大、认知和集中力下降、性欲减退及免疫反应下降等。自1989年以来,EPO普遍被应用于治疗CKD患者贫血。在排除失血等因素后,HB小于100 g/L或HCT小于0.30-0.33,即可开始应用重组人红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)治疗。每周1-2次皮下注射或静脉注射,直到HB上升到120 g/L(女)-130 g/L(男)或HCT达到0.33-0.36。考虑到影响rHuEPO的疗效主要原因是功能性缺铁,故在用rHuEPO时应同时补充铁剂,否则疗效常不理想。但应用rHuEPO有出现高血压、癫痫、透析管路凝血及血栓形成的风险,应予注意[29]。并且并不是所有的慢性肾病患者的贫血都是肾性贫血,还应积极寻找贫血的其他原因。


低钙、高磷及肾性骨病的治疗


儿童CKD最终将会出现钙磷代谢紊乱,KDIGO于2005年正式提出CKD的矿物质和骨代谢异常(CKD-MBD)。对于有明显低血钙的患者可口服骨化三醇,口服此药需监测血钙、磷、甲状旁腺素(PTH)浓度。高血磷将会导致肾功进一步损伤,继发甲状旁腺功能亢进、骨代谢紊乱等。除了在饮食上控制尽量少食一些含磷高的食物,临床上常选用磷结合剂来控制。含钙的磷结合剂目前使用最广泛,如碳酸钙、醋酸钙,但此类结合剂有导致高钙血症、动力缺失性骨病和异位钙化的风险。一些不含钙的磷结合剂,如司维拉姆、碳酸镧、考来替兰、含铁结合剂等,不但能控制血磷,还可以改善高磷血症的并发症。对于透析患者还可以通过增加透析次数或延长透析时间来清除体内磷。但是磷主要在细胞内,故通过透析治疗效果不佳。若条件允许可适当补充α-酮酸,α-酮酸制剂中含有钙盐,对于改善钙磷代谢紊乱,减轻甲状旁腺亢进也有一定的疗效。α-酮酸也可与胺基生成必需氨基酸,有助于尿素氮的再利用和改善蛋白营养状况。研究认为骨化三醇冲击疗法对治疗血液透析引起的继发性甲状旁腺亢进有显著疗效且安全性高。


代谢性酸中毒和电解质紊乱


CKD可导致代谢性酸中毒,反过来,代谢性酸中毒可通过多种途径促进肾脏的进一步损伤。代谢性酸中毒治疗主要通过口服碳酸氢钠,必要时可静脉输入碳酸氢钠。研究提示控制产酸食物摄入和补充产碱食物摄入或补充碱基可延缓肾功能进展、具有保护肾脏作用。对于CKD患者为防止出现水、钠潴留可适当限制钠摄入量,当伴有明显水肿、高血压时应严格限制钠盐的摄入,也可应用呋塞米等袢利尿剂;对于严重肺水肿、急性左心功能衰竭者,可用血液透析或血液滤过。对于CKD患者伴有轻、中度低钠血症,一般可不必积极处理,但对于真性缺钠者应谨慎补充钠。对于高钾血症者,一方面应限制钾的摄入,另一方面要及时纠正酸中毒,也可适当应用排钾利尿剂增加尿钾排出;必要时还可以应用葡萄糖-胰岛素溶液输入,口服降钾树脂等。对于严重高钾血症,且伴有少尿、利尿效果不佳时可给予血液透析治疗。


高脂血症治疗


高血脂是心血管病的一个危险因子,心血管病常是导致CKD患儿死亡的常见并发症之一。血脂异常可导致肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞、系膜细胞及足突细胞受累,氧化应激增高,使肾功能进一步恶化。CKD患儿中有39%-65%的患儿同时存在血脂障碍。CKD患儿血脂障碍治疗包括非药物治疗(改善生活方式,限制过多摄入脂肪,增加活动量)和药物治疗(胆汁酸螯合剂,胆固醇吸收抑制剂,纤维酸衍生物或他汀类药物等)。


替代治疗


肾脏的替代治疗包括:血液透析(HD)、腹膜透析(PD)和肾移植。HD的优点为:可清除分子质量较小的物质,如尿素等;操作花费人力和时间少;疗效迅速。HD的缺点为:价格昂贵;需专业的操作人员;血流动力学变化大;婴幼儿动静脉造瘘困难;易发生透析失衡综合征。PD的优点:设备简单易操作;对于中分子物质清除效佳;很少发生透析失衡综合征;不需抗凝血液动力学稳定;免除HD时穿刺的痛苦。PD的缺点有:操作上花费人力和时间较多;对小分子物质清除率不佳;易并发腹膜炎;蛋白质及氨基酸较HD丢失较多。


对于血液透析血液流量,目前欧洲指南建议血流量可达6-8 ml/kg/min,对于有严重急性肺水肿或严重水超负荷,在不影响患儿血压情况下脱水可达体重的10%。而国内则建议血流量为3-5 ml/kg/min,超滤量不能超过体重的5%。对于采用PD的患儿,透析液量应从20-30 ml/kg(300-600 ml/m2)开始,若患儿无漏液等并发症,透析液量可增加至800-1200 ml/m2。对于采用PD的患儿,每2~3个月应行腹膜平衡试验检查,以便决定透析方案。由于HD及PD仅可部分替代肾脏的排泄功能,而不能替代其内分泌和代谢等功能,目前国内外均认为肾移植是治疗ESRD的最佳途径之一。成功的肾移植可使患者完全康复。但肾移植后需长期应用免疫抑制剂(如环孢素、他克莫司等),可能并发感染,同时也增加了恶性肿瘤的患病率。

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175084, encodeId=715d1e5084c1, content=好文章,多学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 09 09:03:04 CST 2017, time=2017-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174492, encodeId=1bbb1e44927d, content=综述写得全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 06 09:17:59 CST 2017, time=2017-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=167863, encodeId=c92f16e8630a, content=谢谢分享,请教儿童CKD与性早熟有无关联?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6fdd1714025, createdName=yutong 66, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 09:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166436, encodeId=0b6016643636, content=学习了,收获很多,多谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 28 23:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616089, encodeId=4e70161608959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c95536521c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性肾脏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53652, encryptionId=9c95536521c, topicName=慢性肾脏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=305019728622, createdName=12498b08m96暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 04:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165651, encodeId=695d16565169, content=学习了!!!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 22:30:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165597, encodeId=ef6816559eea, content=很受用,以后临床用得到, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 14:03:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165586, encodeId=64e51655868c, content=儿童CKD发病率较高,平时工作中应该注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Dec 25 13:23:52 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-09 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    好文章,多学习!

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175084, encodeId=715d1e5084c1, content=好文章,多学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 09 09:03:04 CST 2017, time=2017-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174492, encodeId=1bbb1e44927d, content=综述写得全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 06 09:17:59 CST 2017, time=2017-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=167863, encodeId=c92f16e8630a, content=谢谢分享,请教儿童CKD与性早熟有无关联?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6fdd1714025, createdName=yutong 66, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 09:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166436, encodeId=0b6016643636, content=学习了,收获很多,多谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 28 23:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616089, encodeId=4e70161608959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c95536521c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性肾脏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53652, encryptionId=9c95536521c, topicName=慢性肾脏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=305019728622, createdName=12498b08m96暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 04:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165651, encodeId=695d16565169, content=学习了!!!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 22:30:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165597, encodeId=ef6816559eea, content=很受用,以后临床用得到, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 14:03:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165586, encodeId=64e51655868c, content=儿童CKD发病率较高,平时工作中应该注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Dec 25 13:23:52 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-06 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    综述写得全面

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175084, encodeId=715d1e5084c1, content=好文章,多学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 09 09:03:04 CST 2017, time=2017-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174492, encodeId=1bbb1e44927d, content=综述写得全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 06 09:17:59 CST 2017, time=2017-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=167863, encodeId=c92f16e8630a, content=谢谢分享,请教儿童CKD与性早熟有无关联?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6fdd1714025, createdName=yutong 66, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 09:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166436, encodeId=0b6016643636, content=学习了,收获很多,多谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 28 23:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616089, encodeId=4e70161608959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c95536521c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性肾脏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53652, encryptionId=9c95536521c, topicName=慢性肾脏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=305019728622, createdName=12498b08m96暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 04:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165651, encodeId=695d16565169, content=学习了!!!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 22:30:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165597, encodeId=ef6816559eea, content=很受用,以后临床用得到, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 14:03:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165586, encodeId=64e51655868c, content=儿童CKD发病率较高,平时工作中应该注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Dec 25 13:23:52 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-04 yutong 66

    谢谢分享,请教儿童CKD与性早熟有无关联?

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175084, encodeId=715d1e5084c1, content=好文章,多学习!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Feb 09 09:03:04 CST 2017, time=2017-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174492, encodeId=1bbb1e44927d, content=综述写得全面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 06 09:17:59 CST 2017, time=2017-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=167863, encodeId=c92f16e8630a, content=谢谢分享,请教儿童CKD与性早熟有无关联?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6fdd1714025, createdName=yutong 66, createdTime=Wed Jan 04 09:27:23 CST 2017, time=2017-01-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=166436, encodeId=0b6016643636, content=学习了,收获很多,多谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84e21956153, createdName=1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 28 23:23:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616089, encodeId=4e70161608959, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c95536521c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#慢性肾脏#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53652, encryptionId=9c95536521c, topicName=慢性肾脏)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=305019728622, createdName=12498b08m96暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Dec 27 04:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165651, encodeId=695d16565169, content=学习了!!!!!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 22:30:44 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165597, encodeId=ef6816559eea, content=很受用,以后临床用得到, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sun Dec 25 14:03:07 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=165586, encodeId=64e51655868c, content=儿童CKD发病率较高,平时工作中应该注意。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Dec 25 13:23:52 CST 2016, time=2016-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-28 1e1263e3m20(暂无匿称)

    学习了,收获很多,多谢分享

    0

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    2016-12-25 知难而进

    学习了!!!!!!!

    0

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    2016-12-25 虈亣靌

    很受用,以后临床用得到

    0

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    2016-12-25 1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称)

    儿童CKD发病率较高,平时工作中应该注意。

    0

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