言语训练结合tDCS干预 对语言发育迟缓儿童的疗效分析

2022-09-16 梅斯医学 梅斯医学

传统疗法联合tDCS治疗儿童语言发育迟缓具有较好的临床疗效,能够显著改善患儿的语言能力及口部运动功能,改善患儿的发育状况,值得临床推广。

【背景分析】

语言发育迟缓,指由各种原因引起的儿童口头表达能力或语言理解能力尚不能达到同年龄、同性别的正常儿童发育水平,目前已成为学龄前儿童最常见的发育性疾病之一。

【发病原因】

儿童语言发育迟缓以语言理解能力差和表达能力差为主要表现,可由多种疾病或机体功能失调所致,如胸部发育迟缓、听力障碍、智力障碍、中枢系统疾病等,部分患儿可伴随运动、精神等其他发育指标的延迟。流行病学调查显示,我国2岁儿童语言发育迟缓高达17% 3 岁儿童约为4%-7.5% 6岁儿童约为 3%-6%

语言发育迟缓不仅影响儿童的正常人际交流能力、社会适应能力的发展,而且易形成心理障碍,严重影响儿童的身心健康及生活质量。

【传统疗法VS联合治疗】

语言发育障碍的传统疗法,主要是口肌训练、言语训练。口肌训练包括口部肌肉按摩、口腔内肌肉按摩、口肌运动( 包括唇、舌、下颌、面肌运动);言语训练包括注意力训练、理解训练、表达训练、构音训练。

联合治疗则是在传统疗法的基础上,辅以tDCS技术干预。tDCS干预,能够有效引起突触可塑性的长期变化,通过影响皮质的血流灌注,对脑代谢进行调节,进而促进相应功能的恢复。

研究表明,大部分人的语言优势半球在左侧半球,多左侧大脑半球损伤是言语障碍的病理基础。tDCS主要通过干预大脑左侧布洛卡区(Broca),改善语言发育障碍患儿的症状。这是因为布洛卡区为面、唇、舌、腭、咽和呼吸的运动联合皮层,因此,该区域包含产生言语所必需的运动模式。

其实,早在20世纪60年代,通过放置于头皮的电极片,释放恒定微电流,调节特定区域大脑皮质神经细胞活动,引起兴奋性改变,从而有效改变机体神经细胞膜电位的电荷分布,产生去极化、超极化现象,进而调控大脑功能的疗法,就已经用于成人失语症的治疗。并发现通过影响布洛卡区,能够显著改善失语症患者的图命名能力,进而改善患者的语言表达能力。

【临床试验】

2020年,首都医科大学附属北京康复医院言语康复科,进行了一项临床研究,旨在验证传统疗法与联合治疗,对语言发育障碍患儿的疗效区别。

该研究选取了201711-201810月,在首都医科大学附属北京康复医院就诊的120名患儿作为研究对象,患儿平均年龄4.7岁,将患儿分为观察组和对照组,每组患儿各60名。观察者采用联合治疗,对照组则采用传统疗法。试验共进行3个月,tDCS干预方案为,每周5次(每月20次),每次20分钟,电流强度为1mA

3个月后,对两组患儿语言发育、整体发育进行对比。

如上图所示,观察组(联合治疗)总有效率为91.7% 显著高于对照组(传统疗法)的78.3%,在基本治愈上也有明显优势;同时,传统疗法无效率超过20%,是联合治疗的2倍以上。

如上图所示,在评估语言改善能力的《语言DQ》评分上,观察组(联合治疗)平均分从治疗前52.4分提高到84.5分,提高了32.1分;对照组(传统疗法)平均分从治疗前的50.1分,提高到74.7分,仅提高了24.6分,联合疗法比传统疗法高30%

如上图所示,在适应性行为、大运动行为、精细动作、个人社交能方面,观察组(联合治疗)各项比对照组(传统疗法)改善比例,高20%左右。

如上图所示,在口部运动功能的改善方面,观察组(联合治疗)比对照组(传统疗法)改善效果更为明显,而且每个月的改善都非常稳定。

【研究结论】

综上所述,传统疗法联合tDCS治疗儿童语言发育迟缓具有较好的临床疗效,能够显著改善患儿的语言能力及口部运动功能,改善患儿的发育状况,值得临床推广。

【参考文献】

张茜, 代欣, 贺媛,. 经颅直流电刺激对儿童语言发育迟缓的应用研究[J]. 河北医药, 2020, 42(3):4.

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    2022-09-17 yangjxjc
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