脑疝、脑死亡丨影像及临床诊断要点

2022-09-11 ANDs 熊猫放射

脑疝、脑死亡影像、临床、鉴别。

脑疝综合征

概念

  • 脑组织从一个部位向另一个部位移位

影像

  • 大脑镰下疝:扣带回移位至大脑镰下,同侧脑室受压并移位过中线,对侧脑室扩大

  • 单侧下行性小脑幕切迹疝(DTH):颞叶内侧面移位至小脑幕切迹,侵占并逐渐使鞍上池消失

  • 双侧下行性小脑幕切迹疝(“中心疝”):双侧颞叶疝入小脑幕切迹,间脑压向颅底,脑脊液在鞍上池处回流受阻,中脑/桥脑下移

  • 上行性小脑幕切迹疝:小脑向上移位并越过小脑幕切迹,四叠体池、被盖部受压

  • 小脑扁桃体下疝:小脑扁桃体受压进入枕骨大孔,枕大池闭塞

  • 经蝶骨嵴疝:上升(颅中窝的占位)或下降(额叶的占位),脑组织、大脑中动脉疝于蝶骨翼

  • 经硬脑膜/经颅骨的脑疝:脑组织经硬脑膜/颅骨的缺损处挤出

主要的鉴别诊断

  • 低颅压

诊断纲要

  • DWI、T2❉查看缺血性、出血性并发症

  • 大体病理:多发脑挫伤、大脑镰下疝。脑室明显越过中线,扣带回嵌压于大脑镰下。

  • 轴位CT平扫:大脑镰下疝,左侧脑挫伤。

  • 大体病理:单侧下行性小脑幕切迹疝。疝出的颞叶底面可见嵌入并挤压小脑幕形成的“槽”。第III对脑神经受压,中脑移位。

  • 轴位CT平扫:左侧下行性小脑幕切迹疝,钩回及海马疝入鞍上池。

  • 轴位CT平扫:弥漫性脑水肿、双侧下行性小脑幕切迹疝。肿胀的脑组织导致基底池闭塞。

  • T2WI:严重的下行性小脑幕切迹疝,左侧钩回及海马疝入蝶鞍及四叠体池,三脑室下移(白空箭)、对侧颞角扩张(黑空箭)。

脑死亡

概述

  • 脑死亡(BD)

  • 完全的、不可逆的脑功能终止

影像

  • 在放射性核素扫描上颅内动脉或静脉窦无血流,或在CT或MR上无血管内增强

  • 弥漫性脑水肿及灰白质交界消失

  • 床旁脑电图描记(纤蜡石)

  • 诱发电位可以对昏迷病人进行神经系统功能评价

  • 脑回肿胀,脑室/脑池受压

主要的鉴别诊断

  • 可逆性的弥漫性脑水肿:药物过量;癫痫持续状态:临床上与脑死亡表现相似

  • 技术性问题:错过造影剂的高浓度血流(核医学检查、CTA);血管夹层(介人血管造影);血管痉挛(介人血管造影)

  • 大片脑梗死/脑水肿

病理

  • 严重的细胞肿胀,颅内压↑

临床要点

  • 影像学可以证实,但不能代替临床判断

  • 必须排除昏迷的可逆性因素

  • 切记:脑死亡首先是临床诊断,法定的标准各异

  • 脑死亡的临床诊断高度依赖采用既定标准的有经验的检查者

  • CT平扫:弥漫性脑水肿、临床诊断脑死亡。灰白质交界消失,弥漫性脑回、脑沟消失,侧脑室后角消失。

  • 放射性核素扫描:由于脑死亡的颅内血流缺乏而出现典型的“电灯泡”征和“热鼻子”征,颅内动静脉未见到放射学核素。

  • DSA:经颈总动脉注射造影剂,只有颈外动脉分支显影(箭),无造影剂充盈颈内动脉。无颅内血流支持脑死亡的诊断。CTA也可用来帮助诊断脑死亡。

  • T1WI增强压脂:血管和鼻窦粘膜未见强化,海绵窦可见造影剂逆流。

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    2021-11-07 tamgche
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    2021-11-07 xinxin088

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脑死亡对于公众来说是一个难以理解的概念。近期,一项发表在杂志chest上的研究通过分析互联网上的信息,了解公众对脑死亡的认知,确定信息的准确性,并了解这种理解如何影响了医患关系。研究者们进行了一项前瞻性横断面研究,以评估公众可获得的有关脑死亡的信息。分析前十个Google网站的语言复杂性和描述脑死亡的准确性。对前十名YouTube视频进行了内容审查,并对主题进行了定性分析。此项研究结果显示:有4个

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