Cell:读取路径≠储存路径?或为治疗阿尔茨海默病提供新思维

2017-08-21 佚名 生物探索

神经科学家一直认为,记忆形成与记忆召回时使用的是同一条神经环路,但近日,一项发表于Cell上的研究颠覆了这一观点。MIT的神经科学家首次表明,记忆召回需要一个“绕道”环路,它不同于原始的记忆形成环路,而是从其中分支出来。



当我们有了新体验时,记忆就会储存在海马体及其他脑区相连的神经环路中。每个神经元簇可以存储记忆的不同方面,比如事件发生的位置或与之相关的情绪。研究记忆的神经科学家一直认为,当我们召回这些记忆时,我们的大脑就会开启与最初记忆形成时相同的海马环路。然而,麻省理工学院(MIT)的神经科学家首次表明,记忆召回需要一个“绕道”环路,它不同于原始的记忆形成环路,而是从其中分支出来。这项颠覆传统观点的研究发表在8月17日的Cell期刊上。



“这项研究解决了大脑研究中最基本的一个问题——即情景记忆是如何形成和召回的,答案令人意想不到:记忆形成和召回时的神经环路并不相同。Susumu Tonegawa说。

这一独特的记忆环路在脊椎动物中从未见过,不过去年发表的一项研究发现在蠕虫秀丽隐杆线虫中存在相似的记忆环路。


图片来源:Cell

海马体中的未知的区域

海马体被划分为几个不同的记忆相关功能的区域,其中大部分区域都已经被科学家们所了解,但是一个名为下托(subiculum)的小区域却很少被研究。Tonegawa的实验室着手研究这一区域,通过基因改造小鼠,研究人员可以利用光来控制小鼠下托神经元的开关。他们使用这种方法在一个恐惧-条件事件中控制记忆细胞:让小鼠处在一个特定的房间的同时,给予它们轻微的电击。

先前的研究表明,编码这类记忆涉及到一个海马区域——CA1中的细胞,然后CA1将信息传递给另一个大脑结构——内嗅皮层。在这些脑区,一小部分神经元分被激活,形成所谓的记忆痕迹(engrams)。

Tonegawa说:“人们认为,参与形成记忆痕迹的环路与在记忆召回过程中涉及的神经环路是一样的。”

然而,科学家们之前已经确定了CA1先绕到下托,然后再连接到内嗅皮层的解剖学连接。这一环路以及下托的常规功能都是未知的。

在一组小鼠中,MIT的研究人员在小鼠经历恐惧条件时抑制下托神经元,这对它们之后回想恐惧体验的能力没有任何影响。然而,在另一组实验中,研究人员在恐惧条件发生之后,小鼠被放回原来的房间时抑制下托神经细胞的活动。这些小鼠并没有表现出通常的恐惧反应,这表明它们的记忆召回能力受损。

这就证明,涉及下托的绕道环路对于记忆召回是必须的,但在记忆形成过程中却不需要。其他的实验发现,从CA1到内嗅皮层的直接环路对于记忆召回不是必要的,但在记忆的形成中是必需的。

Tonegawa说:“最初,我们没有预料到结果会是这样。我们只是想探究一下下托的功能是什么。”

平行环路可能是为了更好地编辑记忆

为什么海马体需要两个不同的环路来形成记忆和召回记忆?研究人员给出了两种可能的解释。一是这两种环路的相互作用使得编辑或更新记忆变得更加容易。当记忆召回环路被激活时,记忆形成环路的同步激活会允许新的信息被添加。

绕道环路的另一个可能功能是帮助刺激长时程应激反应。研究人员发现,下托连接到下丘脑中的一对结构——乳头体,后者刺激释放应激激素——皮质类固醇。这个过程至少发生在恐惧记忆被召回的一小时之后。

研究人员表示,虽然他们发现了涉及情感成分(包括积极和消极)记忆的双环路系统,但该系统很可能涉及到任何类型的情景记忆。

研究人员称,这些发现可能与阿尔茨海默病也存在一定关联。去年, Tonegawa实验室的一些人发现,早期老年痴呆症的小鼠在召回记忆时出现困难,但仍然能够形成新的记忆。这项新研究表明,下托环路可能对阿尔茨海默病具有影响,不过研究人员尚未对此进行研究。

原始出处:

Dheeraj S. Roy, Takashi Kitamura, Teruhiro Okuyama, et.al. Distinct Neural Circuits for the Formation and Retrieval of Episodic Memories. Cell

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    2017-08-22 QQ25ed180f

    路径的研究.目前也越来越多-

    0

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