日本临床实践指南:肾病综合征(中文版)

2016-06-30 MedSci MedSci原创

2016年4月,日本肾脏病学会(JSN)发布了肾病综合症最新临床实践指南,共涉及4大部分内容,分别为:发病机制,诊断,流行病学和预后,治疗。其中针对肾病综合症的诊断和治疗,共涉及40个临床问题,并针对这些临床问题提出推荐意见。 证据水平 1级:系统综述/荟萃分析 2级:至少有一项随机对照临床试验(RCT) 3级:无RCT

肾病综合征(NS)是以大量蛋白尿和低白蛋白血症或低蛋白血症为特殊临床表现的临床综合征,是由受损的肾小球基底膜对血清蛋白通透性增加而引起。 2002 年 NS 研究小组发行的「难治性肾病综合征指南(成人病例)」是日本第一个 NS 指南。2011 年,该研究小组和日本肾病协会(JSN)联合发行了日本第二个指南—「肾病综合征指南」。NS 研究小组以及 JSN 目标在 2014 年发行第三个 NS 指南。该新指南旨在通过循证医学为临床提供建议,并以描述一系列临床问题(CQs)的形式来展现。
2016年4月,日本肾脏病学会(JSN)发布了肾病综合症最新临床实践指南,共涉及4大部分内容,分别为:发病机制,诊断,流行病学和预后,治疗。其中针对肾病综合症的诊断和治疗,共涉及40个临床问题,并针对这些临床问题提出推荐意见。
 
证据水平
根据研究设计,证据分为 6 个等级,最可靠的为 1 级,可靠性最差的为 6 级。当涉及特定治疗方法时,以证据等级为基准将建议分为 5 等,具体如下:
1 级:系统性综述 /meta 分析;2 级:至少 1 个随机对照试验(RCT);3 级:非 RCT;4 级:分析流行病学研究(队列研究或病例对照研究)或单目标调查研究(无对照);5 级:描述性研究(个案报道或病例系列);6 级:专家协会或个人意见,不基于患者数据。
 
建议分级:A 级:因科学依据充足强烈推荐;B 等有部分科学依据而推荐;C1 级:虽然只有较弱的依据但仍推荐;C2 级:依据较弱而不推荐;D 级:依据显示治疗无效或有害而不推荐。
 
肾病综合征的诊断标准
 
NS 定义为同时有大量蛋白尿(≥ 3.5 g/ 天)及低白蛋白血症(血清白蛋白 ≤ 3.0 g/dL),通常伴有水肿、血脂异常、凝血 / 纤溶系统异常、肾功能下降及免疫紊乱。治疗效果通常以治疗后尿蛋白水平来判定。
 
肾病综合征的实验室检查
 
NS 实验室检查可发现多种尿液及反映肾功能的指标异常,且因病理类型不同而表现不同。尿检可有高尿比重、多种尿液管型,血液学检查可有低白蛋白血症、高脂血症、肝肾功能异常、电解质异常、凝血 / 纤溶系统异常、激素紊乱及贫血。
 
肾病综合征的流行病学
 
截至 2010 年底,原发性肾小球疾病是最常见的肾小球疾病,而糖尿病肾病(DN)是最常见的继发性肾小球疾病。膜性肾病(MN)及微小病变性肾病综合征(MCNS)的总和占原发性肾小球疾病的 80%。在年龄 ≥ 65 岁的 NS 患者中,DN 及淀粉样变肾病比例最高,其次是原发性肾小球疾病。 MCNS 缓解率可高达 90% 以上,然而复发率也高达 30-70%。与 MCNS 相比,FSGS 缓解率低、肾功能预后差、易致终末期肾病。FSGS 的预后与缓解率相关,而约有半数 FSGS 对激素治疗无反应。在日本的数据中,20 年随访肾存活率约为 33.5%。日本 MN 的患者缓解率相对较高,单独激素治疗完全缓解及部分缓解率可达到 73.1%,约 30% 的病例可自然缓解,其 20 年随访肾存活率为 59%。
 
肾病综合征的并发症
 
NS 并发症多种多样,虽然队列研究证实心血管事件发生率较高,但日本的真实情况有所不同。糖皮质激素和 / 或免疫抑制剂治疗以及疾病本身都使得患者更易感染。海外报道同时也强调了血栓的高发生率,由于日本人群逐渐西化的生活方式使得本地区患者血栓发生率增加。NS 相关性恶性肿瘤在亚洲国家发生率较西方国家低。同时急性肾衰竭也是 NS 典型的并发症,尤其老年人更多见。
 
临床治疗问题
 
微小病变型肾病综合征和局灶节段性肾小球硬化
 
1. 微小病变型肾病综合征是否推荐口服类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
初始治疗,推荐口服类固醇降低尿蛋白。(B)
 
初始治疗,推荐口服类固醇单一用药防止急性肾功能下降。(C1)
 
若口服类固醇难以吸收,可考虑激素冲击治疗。(无证据)
 
2. 微小病变型肾病综合征是否推荐环孢霉素降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
类固醇耐药和复发者推荐环孢霉素联合类固醇降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
环孢霉素是否可有效防止肾功能下降尚不明确。(无证据)
 
3. 局灶节段性肾小球硬化是否推荐类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
初始治疗,推荐类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
若口服类固醇难以吸收,可考虑激素冲击治疗。(无证据)
 
4. 局灶节段性肾小球硬化是否推荐环孢霉素降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
推荐环孢霉素、类固醇联合用药降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
环孢霉素、类固醇联合用药似乎可有效防止肾功能下降。(无证据)
 
5. 频繁复发性肾病综合征是否推荐添加其他免疫抑制剂联合类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
成人频繁复发性肾病综合征,推荐添加环孢霉素或环磷酰胺联合类固醇降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
咪唑立宾联合类固醇可降低儿童频繁复发性肾病综合征复发率;是否可降低成人频繁复发性肾病综合征尚不明确。可根据患者情况决定是否添加咪唑立宾。(C1)
 
添加环孢霉素,环磷酰胺或咪唑立宾联合类固醇是否可抑制肾功能下降尚不明确。(无证据)
 
6. 类固醇耐药的局灶节段性肾小球硬化是否推荐添加其他免疫抑制剂联合类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
类固醇耐药的成人局灶节段性肾小球硬化患者,推荐添加环孢霉素(3.5 mg/ kg/天) 联合小剂量类固醇,降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
类固醇耐药的成人局灶节段性肾小球硬化患者,添加其他免疫抑制剂是否可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降尚不明确。(无证据)
 
膜性肾病
 
7. 膜性肾病伴肾病综合征是否推荐不治疗或非免疫抑制剂支持治疗降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
某些患者,不治疗或非免疫抑制剂支持治疗或许可降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
长远来看,不推荐不治疗或非免疫抑制剂支持治疗,因其不能防止肾功能下降。(无证据)
 
8. 膜性肾病是否推荐类固醇单一用药降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
推荐类固醇单一用药防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
类固醇单一用药是否可有效降低尿蛋白尚不明确。(无证据)
 
9. 膜性肾病是否推荐环孢霉素降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
类固醇耐药型膜性肾病,推荐类固醇联合环孢霉素降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
10. 膜性肾病是否推荐咪唑立宾降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
类固醇耐药型或难治性膜性肾病,添加咪唑立宾可有效降低尿蛋白。(C1)
 
添加咪唑立宾是否可有效防止肾功能下降尚不明确。(无证据)
 
11. 膜性肾病是否推荐烷化剂降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
膜性肾病,推荐环磷酰胺联合类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。因日本患者使用烷化剂后常出现不良反应,且有效性较低,建议谨慎使用。(C1)
 
12. 非肾病性膜性肾病是否推荐保守治疗降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
保守治疗联合RAS 抑制剂,降脂药和抗血小板药,可有效降低部分患者尿蛋白水平。(C1)
 
保守治疗是否可防止肾功能下降尚不明确。(无证据)
 
膜性增生性肾小球性肾炎
 
13. 特发性膜性增生性肾小球性肾炎是否推荐类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
儿童特发性膜性增生性肾小球性肾炎,建议使用类固醇降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。虽然类固醇治疗成人膜性增生性肾小球性肾炎的获益尚不清除,但指南小组认为类固醇或许可降低部分成人患者尿蛋白水平,防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
类固醇的使用
 
14.激素冲击治疗间歇期是否推荐口服类固醇治疗(如白天服用)?
 
激素冲击治疗间歇期,至少应在白天口服类固醇。(无证据)
 
15. 出现全身性水肿的患者是否增加口服类固醇剂量或调整给药途径?
 
全身性水肿伴严重肠道水肿患者,建议增加口服剂量或改变给药途径。(C1)
 
16. 采用隔日给药进行激素减量是否可有效降低不良反应?
 
隔日给药的有效性尚不明确。(无证据)
 
17. 复发性肾病综合征,激素使用剂量是否应低于首次治疗剂量?
 
推荐根据患者复发情况调整用药剂量。(C1)
 
18. 肾病综合征缓解后激素维持治疗是否存在统一治疗时间?
 
推荐肾病综合征缓解后激素维持治疗应设定治疗时期。(C1)
 
19. 是否推荐利妥昔单抗降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
利妥昔单抗是否可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降尚不明确。频繁复发性或激素耐药性肾病综合征,利妥昔单抗或许可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
20. 肾病综合征是否推荐霉酚酸酯降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
霉酚酸酯是否可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降尚不明确。频繁复发性或激素耐药性肾病综合征,霉酚酸酯或许可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降。(C1)
 
21. 肾病综合征是否推荐硫唑嘌呤降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降?
 
不推荐硫唑嘌呤用于初始治疗,因是否可有效降低尿蛋白,防止肾功能下降尚不明确。(C2)
 
激素减量或激素耐药的患者可将硫唑嘌呤作为二线治疗药。(C1)
 
老年肾病综合征
 
22.老年肾病综合征是否推荐使用免疫抑制剂?
 
免疫抑制剂治疗老年肾病综合征的有效性和安全性尚不明确,因此,应重视其不良反应,谨慎使用。(C1)
 
辅助和支持治疗
 
23.是否推荐使用肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)抑制剂降低尿蛋白?
 
肾病综合征伴高血压的患者,推荐使用RAS抑制剂降低尿蛋白。RAS 抑制剂是否可有效降低肾病综合征不伴高血压患者的尿蛋白水平,尚不明确。(B)
 
24.是否推荐使用利尿药治疗水肿?
 
出现水肿的肾病综合征患者,推荐口服利尿药,尤其是袢利尿药治疗水肿。(B)
 
口服利尿药效果不佳的患者,可考虑静脉注射。(B)
 
25.是否推荐使用白蛋白改善低蛋白血症?
 
肾病综合征患者使用白蛋白并不能改善低蛋白血症或水肿,甚至可能会加重高血压。因此,肾病综合征患者不推荐使用白蛋白。(D)
 
但是,严重休克或肺水肿患者,使用白蛋白可能会在短期内有效。(C1)
 
26.是否推荐使用抗血小板药、抗凝药降低尿蛋白水平,防止血栓形成?
 
肾病综合征患者,不推荐使用抗血小板药和抗凝药。因抗血小板药、抗凝药单一用药是否可有效降低尿蛋白水平尚不明确。(C2)
 
推荐使用抗凝药防止血栓形成。抗血小板药是否可有效防止血栓形成尚不明确。(C1)
 
27.是否推荐使用他汀类药物治疗脂质代谢紊乱,提高预后?
 
研究证实,他汀类药物可有效治疗肾病综合征患者脂质代谢紊乱,因此推荐使用他汀类药物治疗脂质代谢紊乱。但是,他汀类药物是否可有效降低心血管疾病发生率,提高预后尚不明确。(C1)
 
28.是否推荐使用依折麦布治疗脂质代谢紊乱,提高预后?
 
肾病综合征患者,不推荐依折麦布单一用药。(C2)
 
29.难治性肾病综合征患者是否推荐使用低密度脂蛋白分离降低尿蛋白水平?
 
难治性肾病综合征和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高的患者,推荐使用低密度脂蛋白分离降低尿蛋白水平。(C1)
 
30.难治性水肿和腹水的患者是否推荐使用体外超滤法(ECUM)治疗?
 
肾病综合征患者,推荐使用ECUM治疗药物治疗难以控制的难治性水肿和腹水。(C1)
 
31.免疫抑制治疗期间,是否腿甲使用复方磺胺甲恶唑预防感染?
 
肾病综合征患者免疫抑制治疗期间,推荐使用复方磺胺甲恶唑预防肺孢子菌肺炎。(C1)
 
32.肾病综合征患者是否推荐补充免疫球蛋白预防感染?
 
低丙球蛋白血症患者,推荐补充免疫球蛋白预防感染性疾病。(C1)
 
33.肾病综合征患者是否推荐使用抗结核药物预防结核感染?
 
怀疑患有潜伏性结核感染的患者,推荐使用抗结核药物。(C1)
 
34.乙肝阳性的肾病综合征患者是否推荐使用免疫抑制剂治疗?
 
推荐治疗乙肝后,再进行免疫抑制治疗。(C1)
 
生活方式和饮食指导
 
35.膜性肾病患者癌症发病率是否高于一般人群?
 
日本膜性肾病患者的癌症发病率并不高于欧洲和美国。但是,在日本,膜性肾病患者的癌症发病率否高于一般人群尚不明确。(无证据)
 
36.是否推荐卧床休息和/或限制活动?
 
肾病综合征患者,不推荐卧床休息和/或限制活动,因卧床休息和/或限制活动是否可以给患者带来获益尚不明确。(C2)
 
37.糖皮质激素和免疫抑制治疗期间是否推荐疫苗接种?

 

 
接受糖皮质激素和免疫抑制治疗的患者,推荐根据感染风险注射流感疫苗和肺炎链球菌疫苗。(B)
 
38.是否有预防激素性股骨头坏死的方法?
 
目前,尚无有关肾病综合征患者股骨头坏死(FHN)预防复发的研究报道。激素治疗时仅使用最小剂量或许可以预防激素性股骨头坏死。(无证据)
 
39.缓解精神压力是否可预防肾病综合征的发生和复发?
 
激素依赖性或频繁复发性儿童肾病综合征,缓解精神压力可有效预防疾病方法,因此,该类患者推荐缓解精神压力。但是,缓解精神压力是否可有效预防成人肾病综合征复发尚不明确。(C1)
 
40.低脂饮食是否可改善肾病综合征患者血脂异常,提高预后?
 
肾病综合征患者,推荐低脂饮食治疗血脂异常。低脂饮食是否可改善患者预后尚不明确。(C1)
 
饮食指导
 
限制食盐摄入可有效减轻水肿,部分肾病综合征患者出现血浆肾素活性(PRA)降低和心房利钠肽(ANP)升高。限制蛋白质摄入的有效性备受争议;因此,肾病综合症患者不推荐过度限制蛋白质。日本肾脏病学会慢性肾脏病生活方式饮食指南推荐:微小病变型肾病综合症患者蛋白质摄入量为1.0-1.1g/kg bw/天,其他肾病综合征患者蛋白质摄入量为0.8g/kg bw/天。为保持氮平衡,推荐热量摄入:35kcal/kg bw/天。

 

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    2022-01-26 ms5000001649854049

    这篇文章对我工作及临床经验积累有很多帮助

    0

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    2016-07-01 sy23.y-ok

    挺详细的指南,比较具体

    0

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