​BIOMATERIALS:乳腺癌治疗效果显著,纳米聚合物变革给药方式

2017-06-27 佚名 康健新视野

虽然都可以称为癌症,但是由于所处的组织不同,治疗方案就不能一概而论。以皮肤癌为例,位于体表,通过手术或者放疗都可以进行治疗,这对于身体内整体的健康细胞造成的损伤很低;而对于胰腺癌这种类型,癌变组织在身体的深处,只有通过血液将能够杀灭癌细胞的化疗药物带到病灶,理想状态中,肿瘤细胞萎缩依赖于药物在疾病组织的血液和淋巴管中积累的量高于正常组织,这样的方式只有通过其他的思路才能减低对健康组织的毒性。

虽然都可以称为癌症,但是由于所处的组织不同,治疗方案就不能一概而论。以皮肤癌为例,位于体表,通过手术或者放疗都可以进行治疗,这对于身体内整体的健康细胞造成的损伤很低;而对于胰腺癌这种类型,癌变组织在身体的深处,只有通过血液将能够杀灭癌细胞的化疗药物带到病灶,理想状态中,肿瘤细胞萎缩依赖于药物在疾病组织的血液和淋巴管中积累的量高于正常组织,这样的方式只有通过其他的思路才能减低对健康组织的毒性。

为了改善化疗药物这种被动的积累,提高有效性和减低副作用,来自哈佛大学威斯研究所(Harvard Wyss Institute)、波士顿儿童医院(Boston Children's Hospital)以及哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的团队,共同开发了一项新的药物递送平台,通过使用安全的、低能量的超声波引发包含了化疗药物的纳米粒子精确分散在肿瘤所在位置,可以使得有效靶向性提高2倍,并且可以显着的降低小鼠乳腺癌模型的肿瘤大小和药物相关的细胞毒性。

研究发表在了最近的《Biomaterials》上。

这种新技术由搭载了化疗药物的纳米粒子聚合体组成,可以通过注射途径进入到血液循环系统中。之后,一个外加的超声激活系统在肿瘤区域开始通电工作,使得血管内通过的聚合体在肿瘤附近被瓦解,释放所搭载的化疗药物。

文章联合第一作者Netanel Korin博士表示,“我们本质上来说是有了一种能够递送药物到任何你想要的地方的外部激活方式,这比仅仅注射一大群纳米粒子来的有效。”

▲电子显微镜下的球形纳米粒子聚合体(图片来源:哈佛大学威斯研究所)

这种新方法的关键在于制造纳米粒子聚合体(NPAs),这是一种微小的结构由包含了药物的纳米粒子组成,被支撑矩阵包围。为了能够得到最好的NPAs,研究人员对各种尺寸的纳米粒子以及纳米粒子-矩阵的比率进行了测试。NPAs需要在注射的过程中能足够稳定,而且当给予低能量超声波时能够很好的崩解,将纳米粒子游离并随着时间推移释放所搭载的药物。

为了测试这种NPAs是否能够如预期所设计的方式工作,团队通过小鼠乳腺癌细胞分别对松散的纳米粒子、完整的NPAs和经过超声处理的NPAs进行了测试。经过超声处理的NPAs和松散的纳米粒子相对于完整的NPAs来说都表现出了更高的肿瘤内化,这表明,超声波能够有效的破碎NPAs的结构,允许纳米粒子渗透到癌细胞内。

下一步,研究人员使用了包含常见化疗药物阿霉素的纳米粒子再次重复了试验。他们发现,NPAs得到了水平相当的癌症细胞死亡,表明了NPAs封装对于药物的有效性并没有负面的影响。

▲超声敏感的NPAs如何工作:1.将完整的NPAs引入血液中。2.超声波应用于肿瘤部位。 3. NPAs响应于超声波分解,释放纳米颗粒,使之将所负载的药物有效递送到肿瘤(图片来源:哈佛大学威斯研究所)

最后,为了能够观察NPAs是否能够在体内相比松散的纳米粒子也取得同样好的效果,两种形式的粒子都经由静脉注射,注射到了乳腺癌小鼠模型的体内。超声处理的NPAs相对于完整的NPAs能够递送近5倍量的纳米粒子到肿瘤所在位置,而松散的纳米粒子能够递送2-3倍。当纳米粒子装载了阿霉素,接受NPAs和超声治疗的小鼠相对于接受松散纳米粒子治疗的小鼠,体内的肿瘤收缩到了一半。至关重要的是,通过使用NPAs,研究人员可以仅使用常规剂量的十分之一就可以将肿瘤尺寸收缩到一半,而由于药物毒性而死亡的小鼠数量也从40%降低到了0%。

“将纳米粒子锁定到NPAs中,允许通过响应超声,将单个NPA中的纳米粒子大军直接递送到肿瘤,而且这很大限度的减低了血液对这些纳米粒子的稀释,”文章联合第一作者Anne-Laure Papa博士谈到:“此外,我们的超声引发NPAs在体内的分布模式与FDA已批准的PLGA纳米粒子聚合物相似,因而在我们的期望中NPAs具有同样的安全性。”

NPAs的另外一个优势是没有常规纳米粒子药物递送过程中会出现的“爆发性释放”现象,这种现象是大量的纳米粒子在注射后很短时间里就破碎并释放它们携带的药物,使得在注射区域内出现不利的响应也减低了能够到达肿瘤所在区域的药物剂量。当应用于体外癌细胞时,松散的纳米粒子在五分钟内就会释放25%的药物,而携带药物的完整NPAs仅释放了1.8%的药物。当超声开始使用时,NPAs会再额外释放出65%的药物,而与松散的纳米粒子相比,它们只释放额外的11%。

团队表示,关于超声敏感的NPAs如何进一步改善会再进行额外的研究,他们希望可以使得这个全新的药物递送平台更加安全、更加有效、更具有吸引力,成为一个更好的选择。与靶向肿瘤环境的多肽或者其他的靶向策略相结合,会使得这项新技术更进一步。Papa博士表示:“我们希望在未来,我们的触发积累技术能够与这些靶向策略相结合,取得更有效的治疗效果。”

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    2017-11-15 sunylz
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    2017-07-03 虈亣靌

    不错的,学习了,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-06-28 yese
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    2017-06-27 虈亣靌

    很值得期待,据说很好

    0

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JAMA:一项大型研究结果,使我们能够更为精准地评估罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的风险

一项针对10,000名女性开展的最新研究为BRCA1和BRCA2变异基因携带者罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的风险提供了更为准确的、与年龄相关的评估。该研究还显示,家族史和基因突变位点也应该一并考虑在内。

Carcinogenesis :小心!美发产品可能导致乳腺癌风险增加!

使用美发产品会增加女性患乳腺癌的风险吗?毫无疑问,对广大爱美女士而言,这是一个非常重要的问题。当然,这也是来自美国罗格斯大学的研究人员及其来自罗斯威尔公园癌症研究所、麻省总医院和莫菲特癌症中心的的同事关注的问题。他们于最近发表在Carcinogenesis上的一项新研究中给广大读者分享了他们关于头发染料、直发膏及基于胆固醇的美发产品对非洲裔美国女性及白人女性患乳腺癌风险的影响。该研究由罗格斯大学A

盘点:近期乳腺癌重磅研究一览

我国乳腺癌的发病年龄主要集中在40岁至45岁左右,而国外女性45岁至50岁是第一高峰,之后逐步下降,到了60岁是第二高峰。事实上,由于工作压力、不健康的生活方式等原因,我国癌症年轻化早已经悄然蔓延,而作为女性发病率极高的乳腺癌,逐渐成为年轻女性的杀手。乳腺癌已成为当前社会的重大公共卫生问题,梅斯医学小编整理了有关乳腺癌的最新研究进展,与大家分享。【1】J Natl Cancer Inst:乳腺

Nature:乳腺癌异质化很早即出现

乳腺癌是一类高度异质性肿瘤,组织学形态和基因组差异都显多样化。目前基于乳腺癌基因表达谱分析提出的乳腺癌基因分型,包括luminal A, Luminal B, ERBB2+, basal-like和normal-like等亚型。尽管除了常规病理组织学检查还有对ER, PR, HER2/ERBB2等分子标记物的基因检测,但是本研究之前人们还无法认识到乳腺癌在细胞背景发生的早期现象。Nature在20