Am J Psychiatry:神经认知特征可预测创伤后应激的易感性和弹性

2021-11-09 自由影像之光 MedSci原创

在创伤后早期出现的神经影像学表型与创伤相关精神病理学的风险或恢复能力有关。威胁增强和奖励反应迟钝可能反映了压力脆弱性,对威胁和奖励都表现出高度反应的群集与随后最高水平的PTSD症状的维持有关

应激脆弱性的神经模型涉及涉及威胁检测和恐惧反应的区域的过度反应,如杏仁核、岛叶和背前扣带皮层(dACC)。此外,慢性抑郁和PTSD在应激事件后出现之前,在情感评估区域,包括伏隔核(NAcc)、杏仁核和眶额皮层(OFC),都出现了低回报反应。最后,包括腹内侧前额叶皮层(vmPFC)和海马在内,参与抑制的创伤前或创伤后早期参与的减少也预示着更严重的后续创伤后应激障碍和更低的弹性。因此,早期的高威胁反应性、低奖励反应性和低抑制性的创伤后情况可能预示着后来的PTSD和抑郁症的慢性症状。然而,目前还不清楚这些特征是否同时出现在特定的个人或群体中。建立基于大脑的个体对主要应激源反应差异的模型,对于构建与应激相关的精神障碍的有效干预和预防策略至关重要。

Jennifer S. Stevens等在Am J Psychiatry发表文章,对创伤暴露和相关心理健康结果进行了多位点跨诊断纵向研究,以确定风险、弹性和不同症状表现的神经生物学预测因子。

该研究收集了创伤后2周的不同地区的平民创伤幸存者的功能MRI (fMRI)扫描。

在对创伤后恢复的进一步研究中,创伤幸存者在威胁、抑制和奖励任务中的功能性MRI扫描

参与者通过移动调查报告了创伤后前6个月的精神病理学症状。生物分型分析中使用的基于fMRI的表型是受到先前应激暴露纵向研究的推动,包括先前在威胁反应、奖励反应和抑制/冲动性领域中与应激后精神病理脆弱性相关的所有大脑区域。参与fMRI任务的参与者在设计和解释上都很简单,这些任务被广泛用于探测威胁、奖励和反应抑制。在分层聚类分析中输入区域激活的多变量谱,以识别创伤后早期以脑为基础的个体分组,表明不同的生物类型。

在发现组(N=69)和复制组(N=77)中,创伤幸存者的功能MRI (fMRI)显示了四组簇。

最终共146名参与者(发现队列:N=69;内部复制队列:N=77)在创伤72小时内从急诊科招募,并随访6个月,通过调查、MRI和生理评估。

在一次机动车碰撞2周后,基于任务的功能性MRI根据反映威胁反应、奖励反应和抑制性参与的神经活动特征识别出4组个体。在不同创伤类型的独立样本中复制了三个簇。这些群集显示出不同的创伤后症状纵向模式。

在创伤幸存者进行威胁、奖励和抑制任务时,四组群体的全脑比较

 在创伤后早期出现的神经影像学表型与创伤相关精神病理学的风险或恢复能力有关。威胁增强和奖励反应迟钝可能反映了压力脆弱性,对威胁和奖励都表现出高度反应的群集与随后最高水平的PTSD症状的维持有关。主要应激源早期的奖赏反应增强可能是应激相关障碍发展的一个未被充分探索的风险机制。这里确定的生物类型,随着进一步评估规范价值和准确性的发展,可能为针对性干预提供重要信息,以解决未来应激相关的不同形式的精神病理学。

这些发现提供了创伤暴露后不久异质应激反应的新特征,识别了潜在的基于神经成像的创伤弹性和精神病理学生物类型。

原文出处

Brain-Based Biotypes of Psychiatric Vulnerability in the Acute Aftermath of Trauma. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(11):1037-1049. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101526

https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101526

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