科学家发现海量的遗传变异“淹没了”肿瘤治疗之效

2015-11-20 佚名 北京基因组研究所

肿瘤内部异质性是癌症产生抗药性、转移性的主要原因。肿瘤发生是体细胞演化的过程,正如自然群体多样性一样,随机突变和自然选择是肿瘤内部异质性的主要进化动力。日本遗传学家木村资生指出,大量的遗传多样性无法仅用达尔文自然选择解释,继而他提出中性进化理论或非达尔文进化过程。虽然癌症生物学领域内达尔文进化过程驱动肿瘤多样性形成的观点已经根深蒂固,然而传统观念很可能大大低估了一个具有百万甚至上亿细胞数量的肿

肿瘤内部异质性是癌症产生抗药性、转移性的主要原因。肿瘤发生是体细胞演化的过程,正如自然群体多样性一样,随机突变和自然选择是肿瘤内部异质性的主要进化动力。日本遗传学家木村资生指出,大量的遗传多样性无法仅用达尔文自然选择解释,继而他提出中性进化理论或非达尔文进化过程。虽然癌症生物学领域内达尔文进化过程驱动肿瘤多样性形成的观点已经根深蒂固,然而传统观念很可能大大低估了一个具有百万甚至上亿细胞数量的肿瘤内部的异质性和顽强性,从而无法完整系统地认识肿瘤内部遗传多样性的大小和空间分布以及肿瘤转移和抗性产生的能力。

最近,中国科学院北京基因组研究所和芝加哥大学合作,通过在一个肝癌切片上切取近300个样品和近2000倍覆盖度的基因测序和细致的数据分析,揭示了肿瘤细胞中遗传多样性水平远远大于预期。研究通过中性模型估算,一个直径约3.5厘米的肿瘤中携带了上亿个基因编码区的突变,高于以往的估算值几千倍。由于高度的遗传多样性分布在10亿甚至更多的肿瘤细胞群体中,成百上千的突变存在于较大克隆中(大于10000个细胞的克隆),而更多的突变只在小于100个细胞的小克隆中出现。正如研究员吴仲义所强调的:“由于具有这么多的突变,即使经过积极的治疗,具有特异突变的肿瘤克隆能够生存下来的概率是很高的,这些细胞可以增殖形成新的耐药性肿瘤克隆。”该成果于11月11日在线发表于《美国国家科学院院刊》。该研究是迄今为止,对肿瘤内部多样性程度最深入和彻底的分析,不但第一次刻画了肿瘤的空间克隆结构,同时通过建立肿瘤细胞群体遗传理论第一次对肿瘤的遗传异质性水平进行估算。这项研究还揭示了巨大的多样性在群体中如此迅速和大量的产生,远远超出了达尔文进化过程的估计。这使得在进化领域里,从20世纪80年代开始并持续了30年的选择与中性的辩论“突然变得与医学相关”。

在传统的达尔文理论中,少数有益变异使肿瘤细胞具有生长优势;随着时间的推移,这种有益突变将驱除所有有害的变异。因此,瘤内的遗传多样性是十分有限的。而这项研究则表明:肿瘤内部遗传异质性的演化实质上是细胞水平的非达尔文过程,在这个过程中,遗传变异会很快出现并快速累积,因此即使微小的肿瘤都可能具有非常高的遗传多样性。该研究并没有完全否认达尔文选择力在细胞水平上的作用,研究员吕雪梅表示,非达尔文过程可能并不能准确刻画(同一或不同器官)不同肿瘤之间的遗传异质性,或从非肿瘤向肿瘤演化的过程。而这项研究通过非达尔文过程来解释肿瘤内部遗传异质性,使得肿瘤内部遗传异质性第一次变得在理论上是可计算的。同时这项研究所估算出的肿瘤的高度遗传异质性也对肿瘤的临床治疗策略提出了明确的指示:高度的遗传异质性表明肿瘤细胞群体中存在抗性突变的概率很高,因此,为迅速清除肿瘤细胞通常所采用的化疗、放疗等杀伤性很强的策略,不但可能失效,甚至由于主要克隆被灭活反而会助长抗性克隆的膨胀和发展。

肿瘤的发生本质上是进化过程,进化遗传学和临床医学的交叉,无疑会给医学问题带来更多的启示和解答。该项目的主要负责人吴仲义和吕雪梅表示,以此为基础进一步展开的理论或实验上的研究,将会对临床有非常重要的影响;同时他们也特别感谢这一次参与到这项研究中的北大肿瘤医院的两位临床研究人员:田秀云和郝纯毅。文章的主要作者包括北京基因组所凌少平、胡正、杨祖玉、杨芳。该研究得到了国家自然与科学基金委重大研究计划、中国科学院先导项目、科技部“973”项目的支持。

 

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    2015-11-23 44049902

    原文链接有吗?

    0

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    2015-11-22 jetleo

    传统观念很可能大大低估了一个具有百万甚至上亿细胞数量的肿瘤内部的异质性和顽强性

    0

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