胃癌(carcinoma of stomach)内镜-CT病例图片影像诊断分析

2022-09-02 放射沙龙 影像园

早期胃癌是指病灶局限且深度不超过粘膜下层的胃癌,无论有无局部淋巴结转移。进展期胃癌是指胃癌深度超过粘膜下层,已超过肌层者称中期,侵及浆膜或浆膜外者称晚期胃癌。

【病史临床】

男,44岁,剑突下疼痛伴呕吐半年余,加重1周。

【影像图片】平扫

增强

胃镜

【影像表现】 

CT表现:胃窦部胃壁局限性增厚(图3),局部并可见龛影(图1箭头),增强扫描病灶明显强化。胃窦部胃小弯可见数枚肿大淋巴结(图2箭头)。胃镜所见:胃窦部类圆形占位性病变突出于胃腔内,表面可见溃疡。

【诊断】

胃癌

【鉴别诊断】 

1.胃淋巴瘤 2.胃间质瘤 3.胃间质肉瘤 4.痉挛性狭窄

【讨论】

胃癌(carcinoma of stomach)是消化系统常见恶性肿瘤之一,男性多见,发病年龄在40~60岁,从发病部位上看,以胃小弯胃窦部最常见,占50%~60%,其次为贲门胃底区,胃体部及大弯侧发病率最低。临床上主要表现为上腹部隐痛不适,进而出现恶心、呕吐等。根据胃癌的进程可分为早期胃癌及进展期胃癌。早期胃癌是指病灶局限且深度不超过粘膜下层的胃癌,无论有无局部淋巴结转移。进展期胃癌是指胃癌深度超过粘膜下层,已超过肌层者称中期,侵及浆膜或浆膜外者称晚期胃癌。进展期胃癌的Borrmann分期:Ⅰ型:息肉型或蕈伞型,肿瘤呈结节状,向胃腔内隆起生长,边界较清楚,不多见。Ⅱ型:溃疡型,单个或多个溃疡,边缘隆起,形成堤坎状,边界较清楚,常见。Ⅲ型:溃疡浸润型,结节状的边缘向周围浸润,与正常粘膜无清晰的边界,最常见。Ⅳ型:弥漫浸润型,癌组织发生于粘膜表层之下,在胃壁向四周弥漫浸润扩散,同时伴有纤维组织增生,少见。   

影像学诊断要点:

内镜检查:内镜检查结合粘膜活检是目前最可靠的诊断手段。应在病灶边缘与正常粘膜交界多处活检,至少活检取6块以上。内镜下对病灶进行美蓝染色(癌性病变处无着色),可以大大提高病灶的捡出率。   

X线:早期胃癌:低张双重对比造影

(1)胃小区粘膜结构紊乱、消失

(2)切线位上可见刺突样小龛影

(3)可见颗粒状、小圆形充盈缺损,表面毛糙不平。进展期胃癌:肿瘤局部黏膜皱襞中断消失;胃轮廓毛糙不整,胃腔变形狭窄;边缘不整,凹凸不平,形成菜花状充盈缺损;恶性溃疡征象如“半月综合征”、“环堤征”、“裂隙征”,腔外龛影等;局限性胃壁僵硬、蠕动消失。  

图1~3为另一病理证实为胃癌的钡餐图像:图1显示为腔内龛影 图2显示“半月综合征” 图3显示为胃壁局部充盈缺损,粘膜纠集现象。    

CT检查:平扫可见不规则软组织影突向腔内,胃壁弥漫性或局限性增厚(CT图像一般把胃壁厚度>10mm视为异常,但如发现局限性增厚,即便<10mm,亦应视为异常),壁不光滑。动态CT增强上表现为突出胃黏膜皱襞之间的明显强化区,肿瘤中度或明显不均一强化,静脉期病灶均一强化。CT能准确显示肿瘤对周围器官的侵犯征象,表现为病变区胃轮廓不清,浆膜面毛糙,胃周脂肪层模糊不清或消失,病变区可见延伸向胃周的不规则条带状致密影,还可以显示病灶对周围脏器的侵犯,和腹腔淋巴结的转移情况。  

MRI:中晚期胃癌MRI信号表现为T1WI呈中等或稍低信号,T2WI呈中等高信号。增强扫描病灶呈不均匀中等程度强化。其它表现类似于CT。    

与胃淋巴瘤相鉴别:好发于40岁以上,好发于胃体、胃窦部。临床症状轻,胃腔缩小较胃癌少见,幽门梗阻的概率也较少。X线表现为胃内较大龛影,粘膜广泛受侵,较多息肉样或结节样表现,胃窦部多呈漏斗状狭窄为其X线特征。CT上显示胃壁弥漫性增厚,强化程度不如胃癌,且对胃周脂肪及临近器官的侵犯不如胃癌明显。胃淋巴瘤的腹内淋巴结转移较胃癌淋巴结转移数目多且体积较大。    

与间质瘤相鉴别:发生于胃固有肌层的良性肿瘤,男性稍多,好发于50~60岁。X线表现为黏膜下肿瘤的特点,典型者半圆形边缘光滑的隆起,可有桥形皱襞。CT表现为发生于胃壁并向胃腔内和(或)腔外突出的肿块,边界清楚,密度均匀,胃粘膜受压变薄,但其完整性良好。增强扫描肿块内侧胃粘膜面形成连续的弧线性强化为其特征性表现。

与间质肉瘤相鉴别:临床症状明显,病程短,肿瘤生长迅速,出血、液化及坏死多见,表面常并有溃疡形成。间质肉瘤起源于胃黏膜下,且多向腔外生长。CT扫描示肿块内有地图样或裂隙性低密度区,增强后,周边强化,中心低密度区不强化。与胃癌鉴别困难。

【问题】 
Ture OR False
(1)病灶位于胃窦部 对: 错

(2)病灶表现为胃壁的局限性增厚 对: 错

(3)病灶未见强化 对: 错

(4)周围淋巴结转移 对: 错

(5)肿块胃外侵犯 对: 错

正确答案: 1:√ 2:√ 3:×(病灶明显强化) 4:√ 5:√

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    2021-12-26 yb6560
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    2022-09-17 hb2008ye
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