Cell里程碑研究:精准“吃”微生物治病不再遥远

2017-02-27 应雨妍 奇点网

当然科学家也想到了这一点,过去,已经有一些研究“探听”到了少数细菌和免疫细胞以及基因间的“谈话”,知道细菌是如何“指挥”肠道基因的表达和免疫系统的免疫响应。而这一次,来自哈佛医学院的科学家首次想办法“听到了”肠道中多种肠道微生物与各个免疫细胞以及基因表达之间的“对话”,他们的研究成果发表在了《细胞》杂志上

10年前,Jeffrey Gordon等六位科学家联名在《自然》杂志上提出了人类微生物组计划(Human Microbiome Project,HMP),在那之后,肠道微生物的研究开启了一个新的篇章,越来越多的科学家着眼于肠道微生物对人体内各个器官、组织的影响,基础研究开始“井喷”。

研究形式的一片大好也使得制药行业开始“紧跟形势”,于是,许多“肠道微生物治疗”公司开始悄然发力,其中特别具有代表性的就要说到Seres Therapeutics。2015年,Seres公司治疗成人艰难梭菌感染(CDI)的药物SER-109获得FDA「突破性治疗」称号,同月,累计融资超过1.3亿美元的Seres就启动了IPO,一时风光无限。(不清楚的同学可以回顾我们之前的文章:为什么微生物研究最近在医疗科技界火的一塌糊涂?)然而一年后,Seres就对外宣布,SER-109二期临床实验结果未达到临床目标,宣告失败。

药物的失败带来的无疑是资本的崩塌,当天Seres的股票跳楼式下跌近70%,本来高达15亿美元的市值“瞬间”蒸发掉了10亿。Seres的失败值得反思, SER-109药物的核心是肠道细菌,研发人员选择了可能对CDI患者有益的50种健康人粪便中的细菌孢子,制成了SER-109。

CDI患者往往是因为宿主的免疫系统反应弱而使得“可恶的病原体有机可乘”,虽然肠道微生物对免疫系统有调节作用,但菌群毕竟种类繁多,非常复杂,而且不同细菌之间也存在相互作用,可能是协同,也可能是拮抗。而研发人员对他们所选的50种细菌对人体的影响也并不清楚,也许正是因为其中的“拮抗作用”,才不能有力地唤醒免疫系统,导致了治疗失败。

那么如果我们能够知道不同的肠道微生物对免疫系统存在着怎样的调节作用,再去选择,避开会相互干扰的微生物,是不是就能取得好的治疗效果呢?

当然科学家也想到了这一点,过去,已经有一些研究“探听”到了少数细菌和免疫细胞以及基因间的“谈话”,知道细菌是如何“指挥”肠道基因的表达和免疫系统的免疫响应。而这一次,来自哈佛医学院的科学家首次想办法“听到了”肠道中多种肠道微生物与各个免疫细胞以及基因表达之间的“对话”,他们的研究成果发表在了《细胞》杂志上[1]。

研究人员收集了53种肠道中常见的细菌,把它们分别定植入无菌小鼠的肠道中。在两周之后,研究人员鉴定了小鼠体内先天性和适应性免疫细胞的数量、各种免疫分子的含量以及基因的表达量,并且与没有进行定植的无菌小鼠做了对比。结果显示,每种免疫细胞都会受到细菌的影响,但是不同细菌的“影响力”也不完全相同。

《细胞》论文附图

对于同样的免疫细胞,一些细菌会提高它的活性,而另一些则会抑制,这也对应了我们前面说的“协同”与“拮抗”的作用。对此,研究的通讯作者Dennis Kasper研究员说:“肠道微生物在调控免疫细胞上的‘对抗效应’其实是提供了一种平衡机制,确保没有哪一种细菌对免疫系统的影响能够超越其他所有细菌,完全占据主导地位。”

类似的,一些细菌会上调某些基因的表达,另一些则会下调,表明肠道微生物对肠道基因的表达起到了表观遗传学层面的调控作用。在Kasper看来,上调基因的表达是为了给细菌自己创造一个“更舒适的”生存环境,而下调基因的表达则是为了给有害的细菌设置“糟糕的”生存环境。这样的“行为”无疑是一种保护机制,为什么这样说呢?因为有害细菌其实也很“聪明”。

上周发表在《科学》杂志上的一个研究告诉我们,病原体微生物可以“感知”到它们附着在我们的肠道细胞上,然后就会对细菌内一些特定基因的表达情况进行改变,比如涉及到代谢能力和毒性强弱的基因,这样就可以有“更大把握”让我们染病[2]。研究人员选用了大肠杆菌致病菌株,对这些基因进行了荧光标记,他们在显微镜下看到,只有“附着”在肠道细胞上的致病菌能够发出“绿色荧光”,其他不附着的都是“一片黑暗”,说明这些基因的表达的确发生了改变。

所以说,如果我们体内本来的肠道微生物能够做出反应,下调基因的表达,设置“糟糕的”生存环境,给有害细菌“下绊子”,这种“博弈”或许能够帮助抵抗致病菌的侵袭。

此外,有一点出乎了研究人员的预料,他们发现,同一个种的不同细菌对体内免疫细胞的作用不一定是相同或相似的,而是存在一些刚好“相左”的作用,这与他们一开始的设想是相反的。在研究人员的观察下,他们认为这其实是一种“安全机制”,这些肠道微生物的存在固然是有意义的,但是,虽然它们结构相似,却并不完全起到协同作用,而存在相互制衡。当使用抗生素或是其他因素导致它们被杀死的时候,调节的稳态不会因此产生过大的波动而失衡,进而保护了与它们有关的关键免疫功能不至于失效。

在研究人员选择的53种肠道微生物中,有一个过去研究很少涉及到的——变形梭杆菌(Fusobacterium varium)对整体免疫细胞的作用最为强烈,包括抑制细胞分泌的天然的抗微生物因子和打开多个促炎症基因的开关。

类似于这种比较“特殊”的细菌,研究人员认为,确定它们的存在有着重要的意义,将它们筛选出来,可以用于有选择性的、精确调整某个或某几个免疫细胞,达到精准治疗的目的。Kasper研究员表示,这样的药物的研究已经原地踏步了几年了,这次新的研究为它们又搭上了一个“台阶”。研究人员表示,为着这个目的,他们将继续开展研究,在更复杂的“模拟肠道环境”中研究肠道细菌对免疫系统的影响和不同细菌的“加和效应”。

原始出处:

Naama Geva-Zatorsky, Esen Sefik, Lindsay Kua, et al. Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms[J]. Cell, 2017, 168(5):928-943.e11.

Katsowich N,Elbaz N,Pal RR, et al. Host cell attachment elicits posttranscriptional regulation in infecting enteropathogenic bacteria.Science (New York, N.Y.),2017, 355(6326):735-739.

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    2017-07-11 维他命
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    2017-02-28 1e20390em99(暂无匿称)

    学习分享了,

    0

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    2017-02-27 lyh994

    人体是个小宇宙,我们现在探知的,还不如沧海一粟

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