PLoS Biology:脑容量大也是罪——易发生精神疾病

2016-07-24 sunshine 译 MedSci原创

近日发表于PLoS Biology的一项新的研究解释了为何大的脑袋更容易发生脑功能紊乱疾病,如精神分裂症和阿尔茨海默病。哺乳动物的脑容量各异,这与其适应生存环境有关。所有哺乳动物的大脑皮层都是覆盖大脑上的由神经细胞体和神经纤维组成的灰质。灰质负责处理大脑中的信息,包括思想、高级脑功能,如记忆的存储和检索、计算、语言和意识。比较不同脑容量大小的哺乳动物的大脑皮质网络为进化过程中哪些大脑特征被保留了下

近日发表于PLoS Biology的一项新的研究解释了为何大的脑袋更容易发生脑功能紊乱疾病,如精神分裂症和阿茨海默病。

哺乳动物的脑容量各异,这与其适应生存环境有关。所有哺乳动物的大脑皮层都是覆盖大脑上的由神经细胞体和神经纤维组成的灰质。

灰质负责处理大脑中的信息,包括思想、高级脑功能,如记忆的存储和检索、计算、语言和意识。

比较不同脑容量大小的哺乳动物的大脑皮质网络为进化过程中哪些大脑特征被保留了下来以及特定物种具有哪些特殊处理结构提供数据资料。

来自圣母大学的Zoltán Toroczkai,来自巴比什-博雅伊大学的Mária Ercsey-Ravasz以及来自里昂大学的Henry Kennedy其同事将猕猴的追踪研究与网络理论联系起来,结果发现,猕猴的大脑皮层网络受指数距离准则(EDR)调整。EDR描述了距离和连接强度之间的一致性关系。

虽然跨物种比较皮质网络或存在一些问题,但是,研究人员发现,通过猕猴(大脑皮层较大)和老鼠(大脑皮层较小)的追踪数据,可以引入一个标准模型框架使得研究人员可以作出比较。

在相同的模型框架中,研究人员利用基于EDR和皮质几何的通用组织原则进行比较。尽管不同物种和皮质组织之间的皮质存在差异,但是,所有皮质网络的统计特征都遵循EDR。

灵长类动物的长轴突连接弱于啮齿类动物

使用追踪研究检测皮层区域,如视觉皮层或听觉皮层,越紧密两个区域的连接更多。

虽然灵长类动物和啮齿类动物的大脑皮层网络相似,但是,灵长类动物大脑的长轴突连接相对来说较弱。

作者在文中写道:“当前结果表明,EDR在哺乳动物间优化皮层网络间布局以允许脑容量较大的动物通过增加神经元的数量来保持沟通效率之中起着关键的作用。”

作者表示,EDR和跟踪数据验证了神经元的连接按距离呈指数衰减,这表明人类大脑皮层(相当于猕猴的五倍大小)长轴突连接较弱。

研究人员假设,人类中较弱的长轴突皮质连接可能会增加失连接综合征(如阿尔茨海默病和精神分裂症)的发生风险。

原始出处:

Hannah Nichols. Mental illness: Could brain size be a risk factor? MNT, 22 July 2016.



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    2017-06-18 sunylz
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    2016-09-06 李东泽

    很好,不错,以后会多学习

    0

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    2016-08-03 oo902

    哎,脑袋大也不是好事

    0

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    2016-07-25 aids218

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图片来自:www.linkedin.com 如同计算机一样,我们的大脑储存记忆的能力令人印象深刻。科学家早就知道,大脑存储记忆的模式为在神经元间移动的电脉冲。但是科学家从来没有能够准确地量化,正常人的大脑到底能够存储多少信息。现在,索尔克研究所的研究人员,已经使用大鼠神经元模型,从而估计人类大脑的信息存储容量为1PB级别,新的估计值比以前的估计的信息量大了10倍。相关工作成果发表在eLife