BJJ:术后2个月X线骨密度增高或可预测TKA假体失败

2014-12-08 小小老虎 丁香园

骨矿物质密度(Bone mineral density,BMD)对于全膝关节置换具有重要意义,以往曾有关于骨矿物质密度与全膝关节置换之间关系的研究,但是骨矿物质密度与全膝关节疗效之间的关系并无太多文献报道。 骨矿物质密度增高是否会提高全膝关节疗效并无定论,不同研究之间的结论也不相同。如果患者术前骨矿物质密度较低,那么可能存在较高风险的假体松动和移位。 一般而言,对于骨矿物质密度的测

骨矿物质密度(Bone mineral density,BMD)对于全膝关节置换具有重要意义,以往曾有关于骨矿物质密度与全膝关节置换之间关系的研究,但是骨矿物质密度与全膝关节疗效之间的关系并无太多文献报道。

骨矿物质密度增高是否会提高全膝关节疗效并无定论,不同研究之间的结论也不相同。如果患者术前骨矿物质密度较低,那么可能存在较高风险的假体松动和移位。

一般而言,对于骨矿物质密度的测定,双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)属于金标准,随着年龄增加,人体骨矿物质密度会随着下降。但是对于全膝关节置换假体松动失败患者使用常规DEXA扫描需要进行大宗病例的长时间追踪和检查,费用昂贵。目前已经有一种标准数字化X线检查方法来判断膝关节置换术后骨骼密度改变方法,费用较为低廉,临床实用性较好。

美国Ritter MA医生观察测量膝关节置换术后数字化X线片上骨骼密度的变化来研究假体失败与骨骼密度之间的关系,其研究结果发表在2014年11月的BJJ杂志。

作者从1983年至2004年之间进行初次骨水泥型全膝关节置换的7760例患者中选取了44名(47例)假体无菌性失败的患者,排除股骨侧假体失败的患者,根据性别、单膝双膝、身高体重指数、年龄和手术资料等信息并选取同样数量(47例)的未出现假体失败的患者进行配对研究。

无菌性失败的患者中有26例为内侧塌陷、16例为韧带不稳、5例为X线透亮影和假体松动。患者的信息见表1。发生假体失败的时间平均为术后4.9年,未失败的患者的平均随访时间为10.4年。

表1 根据性别、年龄、身高体重指数、术前诊断等资料进行分类的失败组患者及对照组患者情况

1.png

使用数字图像处理软件对患者每次随访时的膝关节数字X线片进行分析,那些复制的X线片则使用医学图像扫描仪进行性数字化处理。将X线进行图像之间的校准以减少曝光时间、照片时间、软组织等情况之间的误差。按照之前报道的X线测定骨骼密度的方法(灰度值)来测定胫骨假体内外侧和远端的骨骼密度(见图1),避免皮质骨、骨水泥、腓骨重叠对测量的影响,灰度值越高,提示骨骼密度越高。

2.png

图1 A(空气区域)和F(股骨假体)作为校准区域。主要测量内侧区域(M1、M2和M3)、外侧区域(L1,L2,L3)以及假体远端(D1)的灰度值,注意避免测量皮质骨、骨水泥以及胫骨与腓骨重叠的区域。

结果显示:对照组假体未失败的患者其假体周围所有区域的骨骼密度在术后2个月至术后10年之间随时间增加显著降低。和术后2个月时的骨骼密度相比,假体内侧区域的骨骼密度下降最明显,随后是假体外侧和假体远端的骨骼密度变化(见表2)。

表2 不同测量区域、随访时间点的灰度测量值比较。因为术后5年和7年的X线透亮带的患者数量较少,因此缺少相关数值

3.png

和对照组相比,假体失败组患者的假体周围骨骼密度呈现上升趋势,术后1年以后,M1区域的骨骼密度呈现明显上升,并有显著统计学意义,而M2区域的骨骼密度在术后1年至5年期间也达到了具有显著统计学意义的升高(表3)。

和对照组患者相比,那些因为胫骨假体内侧塌陷而失败的患者在术后所有时间点M1区域的骨骼密度一直很高,内侧其他区域的骨骼密度虽然也呈现升高的趋势,但与时间点并不完全一直。假体失败组患者假体的外侧区域和远端区域的骨骼密度与未失败组之间并无显著差异(表3)。

对于因为韧带不稳定而失败的患者,与对照组相比,在术后2个月时的假体周围大部分的骨骼密度均明显降低,但是随后该密度差异逐渐消失,从术后6个月开始两组之间的骨骼密度没有显著差异(D1区域的骨骼密度差异是在术后1年才消失)。

对于渐进性X线透亮影而失败的患者,在术后1年以后,其假体内侧所有区域的骨骼密度均明显增高。虽然外侧区域的骨骼密度呈现增高趋势,但是在各个时间点均未达到显著统计学差异。

所有假体失败的患者,其假体周围所有区域的骨骼密度并未随时间变化而有较大波动,而那些对照组假体未失败的患者,其骨骼密度随着时间延长而逐渐下降。因为膝关节不稳而失败的患者,其M1区域的骨骼密度没有出现明显的上升或下降,变化一般波动在术后初次测定的10%以内。

因此,作者总结认为:虽然本次研究纳入的患者数量有限,但是从目前观察到的数值来看,在术后2个月时的标准X线片上即可观察到失败组和非失败组患者的骨骼密度变化差异,因此似乎可以从术后2个月的骨骼密度变化来预测假体失败的可能。今后可以进一步开展骨骼密度与假体失败之间关系的研究,前瞻性使用DEXA来评估假体失败的风险。

原始出处:
Ritter MA, Davis KE, Small SR, Merchun JG, Farris A.Trabecular bone density of the proximal tibia as it relates to failure of a total knee replacement. Bone Joint J. 2014 Nov;96-B(11):1503-9.

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    2015-04-12 x35042875

    脊柱融合术中是否使用BMP后的骨不连的发生率无统计学差别

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    2014-12-10 piaojinhua
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    2014-12-10 liuhuangbo
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    2014-12-10 liuxiaona
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    2014-12-10 liuxiaona

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