AHA 2021丨MK-0616(一种口服PCSK9抑制剂)的临床安全性、药代动力学和降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的疗效

2021-11-15 杨天琦 李子平 “心关注”公众号

目前公认的是,血浆低密度脂蛋白(Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,LDL-C)升高是心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)的重要危险因

美国东部时间11月13日~11月15日,2021美国心脏协会(AHA)科学年会在线上召开,七场Late-breaking science(LBS)专场中将公布二十余项重要的最新临床试验结果。其中,11月15日,美国心脏病学会会员Douglas G Johns博士在会议中公布了其研究团队对于新型口服降脂药-前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9/kexin9型抑制剂(Proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9,PCSK9)MK-0616的研究进展。该研究肯定了MK-0616在降脂治疗中的有效性,同时具有相对较好的安全性。

研究背景

AHA 2021丨MK-0616

目前公认的是,血浆低密度脂蛋白(Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol,LDL-C)升高是心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)的重要危险因素。如果能降低LDL-C水平,就可以显着减少CVD相关并发症的发生率和死亡率。长期以来,降脂药物被用于CVD的一级和二级预防。然而,尽管他汀类药物降低血浆LDL-C水平显着而有效地降低了心血管疾病的发生率,但许多患者并未达到目标LDL-C水平。

随着基因研究的大规模开展,人们确定了许多可能对LDL-C水平升高起直接作用的特定基因,前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/kexin9型(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)是人们在对家族性高胆固醇血症的分子学研究过程中发现的一个重要靶点。它是由PCSK9基因编码的丝氨酸蛋白酶。在人体中,PCSK9主要在肝、肠、肾和脑中表达,最主要的是在肝脏表达。其最重要的功能是它能与肝细胞表面的LDL受体(LDL-R)结合,使LDL-R降解,而导致血浆LDL-C水平升高。相对应的,PCSK9的抑制剂能干扰其与LDL-R的结合,使肝脏表达更多的LDL-R,从而降低血浆LDL-C水平。三种已上市的PCSK9抑制剂(Repatha?,依洛尤单抗,evolocumab;Praluent?,阿利西尤单抗,alirocumab;Leqvio?,inclisiran),可使患者的LDL-C降低约50%~60%。但上述药物仅能通过皮下注射给药,使用不方便,且剂量受限于剂型的规格。因此,急需一种经口服使用的PCSK9抑制剂上市。基于此背景,美国心脏病学会会员Douglas G Johns博士及其团队对新型口服PCSK9抑制剂MK-0616的临床安全性和有效性进行了试验。

设计

AHA 2021丨MK-0616

本试验主要分为单剂量(MK-0616 PROTOCOL 001)与多剂量试验(MK-0616 PROTOCOL 003)两部分,均为随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究。单剂量试验的受试者主要为非西班牙非拉丁裔、中年白人男性(表1),单剂量研究主要关注的问题有三方面:

1.MK-0616的药代动力学(PK)(包括渗透促进剂用量对PK的影响、食物对PK的影响及不同胶囊制剂对PK的影响);

2.单剂量MK-0616(10毫克-300毫克)的安全性和耐受性;

3.受试者的参与度。

表1:单剂量试验受试者基线特征

多剂量试验的受试者主要为非西班牙非拉丁裔、非育龄期白人男性,85%的受试者正在服用中、高剂量的他汀类药物(表2)。

表2:多剂量试验受试者基线特征

研究结果

AHA 2021丨MK-0616

单剂量临床试验发现:

1.加用渗透促进剂可改善该药的吸收(使用辛酸癸酸聚乙二醇甘油酯后MK-0616的最高血药浓度比不使用渗透促进剂的最高血药浓度高5~6倍)。使用辛酸癸酸聚乙二醇甘油酯与使用癸酸钠后,MK-0616的PK几乎相同。(图1)

2.当在服药30分钟前进食时,食物效应降低(降低50%~60%);在服药30分钟后进食时,食物效应变得不明显。

3.试验期间,受试者未发生死亡或严重不良事件。在60名受试者中,共发生6起不良事件(3人分别发生斑丘疹、创伤合并脑震荡/损伤、腰痛;2人存在违反试验协议行为;1人因工作冲突退出试验)。根据报告,与药物有关的不良反应有:腹部不适、腹泻、消化不良、头痛和斑丘疹。所有与治疗相关的不良反应(除与药物无关的严重背痛外)均为轻度或中度,且根据受试者的生命体征及临床检查,上述不良反应均无需治疗。

图1.渗透促进剂的不同剂量对PK的影响

多剂量研究将受试者分为剂量不同的四个小组,受试者每天服用一次药物,连续服用14天,试验期间无死亡及严重不良反应事件,无受试者退出,与药物有关的不良反应有:头晕、口干、消化不良、饥饿、食欲减退、面色潮红、失眠和胃食管反流。所有与治疗相关的不良反应均为轻度或中度,且根据受试者的生命体征及临床检查,上述不良反应无需治疗。

综上,MK-0616的耐受剂量一般高达300毫克,没有与MK-0616相关的死亡、严重不良事件、重大生命体征、心电图或实验室检查改变。MK-0616单剂量使用可使游离PCSK9减少90%以上(图2)。多剂量使用14天后可使LDL-C降低约65%(图3)。

图2.渗透促进剂不同剂量对PCSK-9水平的影响

图3.不同药物剂量及渗透促进剂用量对LDL-C的影响

研究结论

AHA 2021丨MK-0616

作为一种口服PCSK9抑制剂,MK-0616有可能成为治疗高胆固醇患者的高效降胆固醇药物。这种药物可以在一定程度上克服当前降脂治疗中的不足,让更多的患者在降脂治疗过程中更早达到LDL-C目标,降低心血管风险。不过在此之前,还需要进行更大规模的临床试验,以评估MK-0616的有效性和安全性。

研究结论

AHA 2021丨MK-0616

高脂血症是心血管疾病的主要危险因素。目前,控制高脂血症的主要药物包括他汀类药物、贝特类药物、烟酸和PCSK9抑制剂。保持达到目标的LDL-C水平可有效降低心血管疾病的发生率。但是,EURIKA的数据显示,尽管使用了他汀类药物或其他目前已上市的降脂药物,61.3%的心血管高危患者的LDL-C水平仍未得到控制。在极高风险患者中,这一数字高达82.9%。尽管强化降脂的他汀类疗法比标准疗法提供了更好的对死亡或主要心血管事件的保护,但是,相当大比例的家族性高胆固醇血症患者仍有残留的心血管疾病风险。PCSK9属于编码神经凋亡调节转换酶(NARC-1)的枯草杆菌酶亚家族。PCSK9在肝脏中高度表达,调节胆固醇稳态。

PCSK9基因的突变与家族性高胆固醇血症相关。PCSK9的功能获得变异可能导致高胆固醇血症,而PCSK9功能丧失变异会导致低胆固醇血症。2006年,一项大型社区研究显示,两个无义突变(Y142X和C679X)携带者的血浆LDL-C水平比非携带者低0.9 mmol/L,这些突变导致在15年的时间内心血管疾病的风险降低88%。这些研究数据表明PCSK9在调节LDL-C水平方面起着重要作用。

选择性抑制PCSK9不仅可以降低LDL-C水平,而且可以增强他汀类药物降低LDL-C的能力,是一种十分有效的降脂治疗策略。PCSK9抑制剂在临床应用中显示出良好的安全性和耐受性,可单独使用或与他汀类药物联合使用。美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)和欧洲心脏病学会/欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会(ESC/EAS)目前的血脂异常管理指南都建议在高风险和极高风险的患者中使用PCSK9抑制剂。

该试验证明了一种新型PCSK9抑制剂MK-0616的临床安全性和降低LDL-C的疗效。尤其是作为一种口服药物,相较于临床上常见的其他同类需要皮下注射使用药物来说用药更加方便,提高了患者长期用药的依从性。期待未来该药可以进行更大规模的临床试验,以评估其有效性和安全性,为广大患者提供既方便、又高效的药物。

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    2021-11-30 fengyqf
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    2022-03-05 FukaiBao
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    2022-05-16 jklm09
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    2022-05-21 Tamikia
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    2021-11-17 zhaohui6731
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