NAT COMMUN:利用CRISPR治疗视网膜色素变性

2017-04-05 佚名 生物通

CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术给分子生物学领域带来了一场变革。研究者们只需使用细菌核酸酶Cas9和引导酶切位点的短RNA,就能够在活体生物中有效敲除或者改变基因序列,这为许多疾病的治疗带来了新希望。CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术给分子生物学领域带来了一场变革。研究者们只需使用细菌核酸酶Cas9和引导酶切位点的短RNA,就能够在活体生物中有效敲除或者改变基因序列,这为许多疾病的治疗带

CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术给分子生物学领域带来了一场变革。研究者们只需使用细菌核酸酶Cas9和引导酶切位点的短RNA,就能够在活体生物中有效敲除或者改变基因序列,这为许多疾病的治疗带来了新希望。

CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术给分子生物学领域带来了一场变革。研究者们只需使用细菌核酸酶Cas9和引导酶切位点的短RNA,就能够在活体生物中有效敲除或者改变基因序列,这为许多疾病的治疗带来了新希望。

视网膜色素变性(Retinitis pigmentosa)是一种具有明显遗传倾向的慢性、进行性视网膜色素上皮和光感受器的变性疾病,发病率大约为四千分之一,会引发视网膜变性,并最终导致失明。这种遗传性疾病已与超过60个基因(和超过3,000个突变)相关联,因此为基因治疗增加了难度。最近来自美国国立卫生研究院眼科研究所的一组研究人员通过一种病毒载体直接向眼睛输送了基于CRISPR-as9的治疗元件,成功在视网膜变性小鼠中阻止了视网膜色素变性。

这一研究成果公布在3月14日的Nature Communications杂志上,文章的通讯作者是眼科研究所的吴志坚研究员(Zhijian Wu,音译),第一作者为余文瀚(Wenhan Yu)博士,余文瀚博士指出,“AAV载体是可以安全、高效地转导光感受器细胞和其他一些视网膜细胞的成熟系统。它携带的基因能够在光感受器细胞这种非分裂细胞中长期存在表达。它解决了将CRISPR-Cas9系统安全有效传递到体内的问题”。

先进的CRISPR-Cas9技术

在视网膜的眼后部组织中有两种类型的细胞,能将光转换成电信号发给大脑,视杆光感受器能在昏暗的光线下产生视觉,而视锥光感受器则能在光照条件下实现色彩视觉和观察。遗传突变主要影响前者,导致夜盲症,就像是视网膜色素变性患者看到的那样。不过由于视杆光感受器也会为视锥光感受器提供重要的结构和营养支持,因此视杆光感受器障碍或死亡会导致视锥光感受器变性和失明。

为此这项最新研究设计了一种CRISPR单导向RNA(sgRNA),靶向视网膜转录因子:神经视网膜亮氨酸拉链(Neural retina leucine zipper,Nrl),Nrl能调控视网膜发育过程中特殊视杆细胞的命运,并维持成熟视网膜内的视杆细胞。研究小组将Nrl-sgRNA和Cas9内切核酸酶通过两个单独的腺相关病毒(AAV)载体,直接递送到小鼠视网膜上。他们指出,这种AAV载体的优点就是能维持非分裂细胞(例如视网膜细胞)中长期基因表达的能力。

研究人员利用基于Cre的重组系统,发现敲除Nrl可以将视杆细胞部分转换类似视锥细胞,防止视杆细胞的死亡以及视网膜色素变性中二级视锥细胞的死亡。

余文瀚博士解释道,“我们对接近成熟(2周)的小鼠注射AAV-CRISPR,加上AAV系统携带的基因表达需要一定时间,我们判断实际上Cas9蛋白表达达到峰值,系统真正起效的时候小鼠已经至少4周大了。这时光感受器细胞已经完全发育完成,所以视杆细胞很难再完全转变成视锥细胞。华盛顿大学Corbo组之前的PNAS文章也显示,随着视杆细胞的发育,一些视杆细胞特异性基因,像Rhodopsin,其启动子被特定修饰,在修饰以后,敲除Nrl基因基本对其表达没有影响。

事实上,我们并不希望将视杆细胞真正转变成视锥细胞(一般是转变成s-cone)。这种转变在临床上叫做“Enhanced S Cone Syndrome”,一般就与NRL基因突变有关系。我们没有完全转变恰恰提示如果我们的方法转化到临床以后,可能并不会导致与NRL基因突变相关疾病相同的病变。”

但Cre重组方法并不使用于人体,因此研究人员转向了CRISPR系统。 “这项新工作获得了两个方面的进步:作者采用了了一种AAV介导的CRISPR-Cas9递送系统,可以应用于人类患者,并且他们指出了这种策略可以在多种视网膜变性模型中起作用。”

研究组首先将实验治疗载体注射到2周龄野生型小鼠的视网膜中,然后观察小鼠在三至四个月内的变化。与注射对照载体的小鼠相比,接受治疗的小鼠Nr1表达量降低。在注射后第6周,治疗小鼠视杆细胞出现了下调的视杆细胞基因,以及上调的视锥细胞基因。同时研究人员也指出,这种治疗不会对视锥细胞产生任何有害作用。

然后,研究组在三种不同的视网膜色素变性小鼠模型上检测了载体,其中包括视紫红质基因中表达显性人类突变的模型,之后再观察几个月后小鼠的变化,结果表明在所有三种情况下,治疗小鼠保留了更多的视杆细胞,阻止了视杆细胞和视锥细胞的死亡。

视网膜色素变性治疗的重要突破

去年年初,美国Cedars-Sinai医学中心的研究人员利用CRISPR-Cas9删除视网膜色素变性的遗传突变,但是最新这项成果“有两方面重要的区别:1)以前的研究一般针对单一基因突变,我们的策略理论上可以针对绝大部分视杆细胞相关基因突变引起的视网膜色素变性;2)以前的研究一般是在新生小鼠眼内注射质粒,通过electroporation传递基因,此时视网膜还未停止发育,一些细胞还会分裂分化;而我们的方法是用AAV传递CRISPR-Cas9系统,对接近成熟(2周)或成熟(4-5周)小鼠进行治疗,主要针对非分裂细胞”,余文瀚博士说。

而且这一策略理论上可以针对大多数基因相关的RP,“但是我们的AAV-CRISPR系统确实也可以靶向其他的基因。目前更容易达到的策略是敲除显性致病基因,类似的研究已经有报道。当然,未来随着技术的发展,我们希望能够有一天实现基因修复。”

不过在人体进行检测之前,还需要回答几个问题,比如Cas9的长期表达是否对视网膜有害,以及Nrl的消除在人体中是否能有小鼠中相同的效果。

佛罗里达大学的Shannon Boye评论道,“还需要更多的研究来确保实验结果,但这些研究对于分析CRISPR-Cas9在有丝分裂后神经元中的作用方面令人鼓舞。”

余文瀚博士说,“我们只是走了一小步,证明了这个策略的可行性和有效性。我们认为要真正实现临床应用,主要要解决安全性问题,首先要解决CRISPR的安全性,主要是off-target效应。我们的研究在10个可能的off-target位点并没有发现突变,但不能排除其他位点可能发生了突变;也有人认为在体内由于种种原因不容易产生或积存off-target事件,但因为Cas9的持续表达,随着时间推移这种可能性理论上会越来越大。我们期待随着更特异、可控的CRISPR系统的出现,这个问题可以得到解决。其次是策略本身的安全性,也就是我前面提到的NRL基因突变相关疾病的问题,虽然我们的结果表明在视杆细胞发育完成以后敲除Nrl不会将视杆细胞完全转化成视锥细胞,提示可能并不会引起相关的病变,但这个策略本身的安全性还需要在跟人类进化关系更近的灵长类动物上进行验证。”

原始出处:

W Yu,S Mookherjee,V Chaitankar,S Hiriyanna,et al.Nrl knockdown by AAV-delivered CRISPR/Cas9 prevents retinal degeneration in mice.Nature communination.2017 Mar.

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    2017-12-19 sunylz
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    2017-05-08 liye789132251
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680389, encodeId=57f516803894b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e5c86e0712' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86707, encryptionId=9e5c86e0712, topicName=色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=343027846633, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Dec 19 00:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881850, encodeId=e21f188185093, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon May 08 05:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740400, encodeId=a26a1e4040037, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d9990811c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜色素变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90811, encryptionId=2d9990811c0, topicName=视网膜色素变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d60434759389, createdName=12498ca5m94暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Aug 27 10:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2086978, encodeId=98e420869e83e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=490750196b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#COMMUN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5019, encryptionId=490750196b, topicName=COMMUN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7931272, createdName=liuli5079, createdTime=Sun Aug 20 14:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269859, encodeId=84cd1269859d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276012, encodeId=7ec012e6012be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463525, encodeId=7c8414635250f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d27381288e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38128, encryptionId=7d27381288e, topicName=变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f69f6545041, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-08-20 liuli5079
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1680389, encodeId=57f516803894b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e5c86e0712' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#色素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86707, encryptionId=9e5c86e0712, topicName=色素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=343027846633, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Tue Dec 19 00:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881850, encodeId=e21f188185093, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Mon May 08 05:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740400, encodeId=a26a1e4040037, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2d9990811c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜色素变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90811, encryptionId=2d9990811c0, topicName=视网膜色素变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d60434759389, createdName=12498ca5m94暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Aug 27 10:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2086978, encodeId=98e420869e83e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=490750196b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#COMMUN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5019, encryptionId=490750196b, topicName=COMMUN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7931272, createdName=liuli5079, createdTime=Sun Aug 20 14:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1269859, encodeId=84cd1269859d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=979690e33bd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#视网膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=90733, encryptionId=979690e33bd, topicName=视网膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=742793, createdName=zutt, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276012, encodeId=7ec012e6012be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=755d5211a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRISPR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5211, encryptionId=755d5211a0, topicName=CRISPR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=583c133, createdName=yuandd, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1463525, encodeId=7c8414635250f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d27381288e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38128, encryptionId=7d27381288e, topicName=变性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f69f6545041, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Thu Apr 06 23:18:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-06 zutt
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    2017-04-06 yuandd
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    2017-04-06 huangdf

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