糜坚青教授:CAR-T治疗新近进展及安全性管理策略

2018-01-10 佚名 肿瘤资讯

嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫治疗(CAR-T)通过特异性识别肿瘤相关抗原,进而使经过修饰的效应T细胞对肿瘤细胞具有更强、更持久的靶向杀伤性。目前,CAR-T在复发/难治B细胞恶性肿瘤的治疗中具有良好的疗效,并成为近年来炙手可热的恶性肿瘤研究方向之一。

嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫治疗(CAR-T)通过特异性识别肿瘤相关抗原,进而使经过修饰的效应T细胞对肿瘤细胞具有更强、更持久的靶向杀伤性。目前,CAR-T在复发/难治B细胞恶性肿瘤的治疗中具有良好的疗效,并成为近年来炙手可热的恶性肿瘤研究方向之一。

CAR-T的毒性监测及治疗指南的相关内容

近年来,CAR-T是国际上研究最为火热的肿瘤免疫治疗方法,也获得了较大的成功及突破。但CAR-T具有一些较为特殊的毒副反应,主要表现为三方面: 1. 细胞因子释放综合征(CRS) 2. CAR-T细胞相关性脑病(CRES) 3. CAR-T相关的嗜血细胞综合征。

CAR-T治疗的毒副反应处理主要采取三步骤原则,即:1. 观察监测,确定是否存在毒副反应;2. 对毒副反应进行分级,通常分为1-4级; 3. 根据毒副反应的分级进行相应治疗。比如,排除感染因素外的单纯发热(体温大于38度),即为1级CRS,针对1级CRS,强调应用对乙酰氨基酚类药物和物理方法进行退热处理;出现了收缩压低于90mmHg或氧饱和度低于92%,则考虑是2级CRS,对于2级以上CRS,除了一般对症支持外,强调可应用抗IL-6治疗。而对于1级CRES,则推荐使用抗IL-6治疗;当出现2级以上的CRES,就要考虑使用糖皮质激素改善神经毒性反应。

CAR-T毒副反应的分级

最常见的CAR-T毒副反应为CRS和CRES。今年Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology上发表了一篇高质量文献,作为CAR-T毒副反应分级及处理的标杆指南,其将CRS和CRES分别分为1~4级,并且详细介绍了每一级毒副反应的处理原则,旨在使CAR-T发挥疗效的同时,尽量降低其毒副反应。

CRS分级的参考指标有4种:体温、血压、氧饱和度和器官毒性反应,其中前三者是生命体征,后者依据CTCAE4.03判断。

CRES分级的参考指标有3种:CARTOX-10量表 、颅内压升高表现、癫痫或运动障碍状态。其中,CARTOX-10量表是一个10分制的简易精神状态检查表,后两者均需在神经内科医师的协助下进行诊断

CAR-T毒副反应分级、处理指南的指导意义

目前,CAR-T治疗相关的临床研究可谓风生水起,而CAR-T治疗产品也是鱼龙混杂、质量良莠不齐,其导致的毒副反应参差不齐。因此在这样的背景下,CAR-T毒副反应分级及处理指南的出现可谓具有极大的现实指导价值。

首先,准确的评估和及时的管理,可以减轻潜在的、治疗相关的不良后果,最大限度地从细胞治疗中的获益,而将威胁生命的风险降到最低。其次,通过严密监测,可以发现其他重要的CRS治疗靶点,如TNFα,IFN-γ等,它们可能是除IL-6以外的新的严重毒性反应的生物标志物。再者,随着对毒副反应的深入研究,干预措施也可以得到革新,来提高治疗的安全性,比如:某些临床前研究已经将含有“安全(自杀)开关”或“消除基因”的基因结构整合进入CAR-T细胞,当危及生命的毒性反应发生时,这些结构可以激活并有针对性地消除CAR-T细胞。最后,毒副反应的研究成果也可以用于其他肿瘤免疫治疗,如CAR-NK细胞治疗和BiTE治疗,因为这些治疗也会产生类似的不良事件。

CAR-T治疗管理的上下游

GMP治疗主要是指CAR-T治疗管理的上游部分,即如何将CAR-T产品精致化,减少其毒副反应及感染几率。而今天的议题主要针对于CAR-T治疗的下游部分,即如何处理CAR-T治疗过程中发生的毒副反应。但是,两者存在密切的关系,因为在各种CAR-T细胞产品治疗后,许多因素会影响毒性反应,这其中就包括:CAR的设计、CAR-T细胞剂量、CAR-T细胞产品的细胞组成、用于生成CAR-T细胞的制备流程等。所以,优化GMP治疗,是减轻毒副反应的一项重要措施。

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    2018-05-25 gous
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    2018-08-24 仁心济世
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    2018-01-10 1e0e5697m83(暂无匿称)

    henhao

    0

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