IEEE trans:基于可穿戴传感器的数字生物标记物,用于评估从坐姿到站姿过渡过程中的胸部扩张——一种改进胸骨正中切开术患者胸骨预防措施的实用工具

2021-05-29 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

胸骨正中切开术后胸骨并发症可导致发病率增加,生活质量下降,住院时间延长,医疗费用增加,甚至导致15%至40%的死亡率。大多数胸骨并发症发生在患者出院后,因此胸骨预防措施是出院教育的普遍内容。胸骨预防措

胸骨正中切开术后胸骨并发症可导致发病率增加,生活质量下降,住院时间延长,医疗费用增加,甚至导致15%至40%的死亡率。大多数胸骨并发症发生在患者出院后,因此胸骨预防措施是出院教育的普遍内容。胸骨预防措施通常是指一系列的身体活动限制,以避免在日常生活中胸部过度扩张。例如,在手术后的第一周,胸骨切开术后的患者在进行坐姿到站姿转换时,通常会被要求交叉双臂或抱枕。不允许患者从椅子扶手上取支撑物。然而,最近的一些研究表明,目前的胸骨预防措施可能会过度限制患者的康复,甚至导致功能受限、情绪紧张和身体不活动。此外,不同医疗机构之间胸骨预防指南存在很大差异,这使得临床医生和患者都怀疑实施此类限制的必要性。

目前胸骨预防措施的局限性是由于缺乏任何客观的措施来评估胸骨和上覆皮肤的应力。目前的胸骨预防指南是基于外科医生和物理治疗师的主观共识而设计的,没有定量的科学证据。直接测量术后患者胸骨上的应力是有创的,会引起伦理问题。因此,一些研究使用力学建模方法,根据扩张压力(内外压差)以及胸腔的半径和长度来估计胸骨上的应力。近年来,一些研究调查胸骨皮肤变形提供了新的见解替代评估胸骨应力由于胸部扩张。这些研究使用了数码相机、超声波多普勒或电磁跟踪技术。然而,所有这些研究都是在实验室环境下进行的,只涉及健康志愿者而不是患者,这可能是因为缺乏便携式设备来方便地测量胸部扩张引起的细微皮肤运动。

在这项研究中,重点研究了从坐姿到站姿过渡过程中的胸部扩张,因为不同医疗机构提供的胸骨预防始终强调从坐姿到站姿过渡的安全行为。提出了一种基于可穿戴传感器的数字生物标志物来表示坐立转换过程中与胸部扩张相关的皮肤变形。两个柔韧的传感器分别连接在锁骨下方左右胸大肌的皮肤上。一个传感器相对于另一个传感器的最大偏航旋转角被定义为数字生物标记物,因为胸骨裂开主要发生在内侧外侧方向,而不是前后或上下方向,而胸骨在内侧外侧方向的分离不需要克服骨对骨的摩擦力。这种数字生物标志物是从三轴加速度和三轴角速度信号的融合中提取出来的。台架试验(在工作台上旋转两个传感器)验证了数字生物标记物代表传感器之间相对旋转的可靠性。我们还通过观察健康志愿者进行的主动胸部扩张试验,验证了这种数字生物标记物检测皮肤扩张的有效性。在健康志愿者和/或胸骨切开术后患者进行的几项日常活动(坐、站和走)之外,采用不同的策略(放松手臂、交叉手臂、扶手俯卧撑或正面俯卧撑)从坐姿到站姿的转换过程中测量数字生物标记物。利用这些试验中的数字生物标记物的测量结果,目标是检验:1)坐姿到站姿的转换(扶手俯卧撑策略)是否比手臂放松策略(不使用手臂)引起更大的胸部扩张,2)是否有任何胸骨预防策略(双臂交叉,抱枕,与放松手臂的策略相比,从坐姿到站姿的过渡过程中,正面俯卧撑能有效地减少胸部扩张。

当胸部皮肤由于胸部扩张而变形时,考虑到胸腔可以近似为椭圆形圆柱体,连接在左、右胸大肌皮肤上的两个可穿戴传感器将在偏航方向上具有相反的旋转。因此,一个传感器相对于另一个传感器的偏航旋转,其中θ0表示从坐姿到站姿过渡开始时两个传感器在偏航方向上的初始相对方向,以及θt代表从坐姿到站姿过渡过程中时间点t的相对方向,可以描述为对胸部扩张引起的皮肤变形的估计。本研究中提出的数字生物标记物(Max Expansion Angle,简称MEA)定义为相对偏航转角信号的最大幅度(θ )。

Fig. 1. - Sensors attached to a post-sternotomy patient subject and sensor movements corresponding to chest skin expansion during sit-to-stand transitions.

传感器框图

数字生物标志物MEA是从坐立过渡期的三轴加速度和三轴角速度信号中提取的。坐立过渡期可以根据左或右胸大肌上传感器的正面加速度信号的负峰值来捕捉。在从坐姿到站姿的过渡过程中,利用Madgwick开发的梯度下降算法,融合三轴加速度和三轴角速度信号,以四元数形式获得传感器的方向。在时间点t,基于两个传感器的传感器融合获得的方向参考相同的惯性系[14],计算两个传感器之间的相对方向,然后将四元数中的相对方向转换为欧拉角。在偏航方向上,时间点t处相对方向(欧拉角)之间的差值(θt)以及从坐姿到站姿过渡起点处的初始相对方向(θ0)是相对偏航转角信号的样本(θ ). MEA是整个坐姿到站立期间相对偏航旋转角度信号的最大值。

从主动扩胸和日常活动中提取MEA时,该算法的坐姿-站姿转换捕捉模块没有被激活。在主动胸部扩张的数据中,MEA是从一个以角速度信号峰值为中心的手动信号段中提取的。在日常活动的数据中,MEA是从活动的整个期间集中的4秒信号段中提取的。两个灵活的可穿戴传感器(BioStampRC,MC10公司,列克星敦,马萨诸塞州,美国)用于台架试验和涉及健康志愿者和胸骨切开术后患者的试验。

从贝勒医学院的教职工和学生中招募健康志愿者。这些任务包括积极的胸部扩张,三种类型的坐立转换(手臂放松,扶手俯卧撑,手臂交叉),以及日常活动(坐,站,走)。主动扩胸任务用于定性验证扩胸是否导致MEA阳性。日常活动任务用于确定日常生活中的无风险MEA水平。每项任务只进行一次,持续约30秒。在每项任务开始时,志愿者被要求保持静止10秒左右,并将这段时间内采集到的加速度和角速度信号作为基线,以消除传感器信号的偏移。然后,志愿者被指示执行一项特定的任务。如果任务是主动扩胸或从坐到站的过渡,志愿者在完成动作后会被要求保持静止。另一方面,如果该任务是一项日常活动,志愿者将被要求在该任务的剩余时间内保持在该活动中。

Fig. 6. - The MEA (mean and SEM) of different sit-to-stand transitions and daily routine activities performed by healthy volunteers. Symbol ‘*’ represents statistical significance with 
${p} < {0.05}$
 for difference between two tasks, and symbol ‘**’ represents statistical significance with 
${p} < {0.01}$
 for difference between two tasks.

健康志愿者不同坐立转换和日常活动的MEA

在主动扩胸中,志愿者被要求先将手臂举至胸部水平,然后以他们喜欢的速度尽可能多地扩胸一次。在采用手臂放松策略的坐立转换中,志愿者被要求在没有任何上肢支撑的情况下站起来。在采用扶手俯卧撑策略的坐立转换中,志愿者被要求用上肢站起来,从椅子扶手处获得支撑。胸骨切开术后患者在Harris Health Ben Taub医院(美国德克萨斯州休斯顿)随访期间(通常为术后3-4周)参与了我们的试验。这些患者被要求执行与健康志愿者相同的任务,除了主动扩胸和坐立过渡与扶手俯卧撑策略。这是因为这两个动作可能会导致胸部过度扩张,并且在已知的胸骨预防指南中总是被禁止的。特别是在患者从坐姿到站姿的转换过程中,使用了无扶手的椅子,避免了患者潜意识中采用扶手俯卧撑策略的情况。胸骨切开术后的一部分患者在从坐姿到站姿的转换过程中采用了两种新的策略:抱枕和正面俯卧撑。在抱枕时从坐到站的过渡过程中,患者被要求先抱枕,然后站起来。在采用正面俯卧撑策略的坐立转换中,要求患者用上肢站起来,从他/她的身体前面的坚硬表面(门诊室的床,高81.3厘米)获得支撑。测试了坐立转换过程中使用的不同策略,以找到最有效的方法来减少坐立转换过程中的胸部扩张。

本文提出了一种基于惯性传感和数据融合技术的数字生物标志物,以客观估计不同策略(如扶手俯卧撑、手臂放松、双臂交叉、额头俯卧撑和抱枕)以及其他日常活动(如行走、坐姿、,站着)。对健康和患者参与者的试验中收集的这种数字生物标记物的测量结果确定了有效的策略(即交叉手臂和抱枕),以减少坐姿到站姿过渡期间的胸部扩张。与其他日常活动(步行、坐和站)相比,采用放松手臂策略(即,没有手臂的任何支撑)的坐姿到站姿过渡会导致更大的胸部扩张。此外,患者组在手臂放松的坐姿到站姿过渡中的胸部扩张比健康组大,具有统计学意义。这些观察结果表明,与健康志愿者相比,从坐姿到站姿的转换总是涉及显著的胸部扩张,尤其是胸骨切开术后下肢可能更脆弱、BMI更大的患者。本研究旨在探讨胸骨切开术后病人在术后康复期从坐姿到站姿的转换方式。

根据健康志愿者的数据集,采用扶手俯卧撑策略(从椅子上俯卧撑)的坐立过渡比采用放松手臂策略(不使用手臂)的坐立过渡引起更大的胸部扩张。胸骨切开术后的患者在出院后的最初几周内不应被允许从坐姿推到站姿。虽然以“自我拥抱”的姿势交叉双臂或抱枕已经被广泛接受为一种胸骨预防策略,用于坐起来咳嗽或打喷嚏,据本文结果所知,没有定量证据支持上身的这种限制可以减轻胸骨缝合线的应力。对于胸骨切开术后的患者,在坐姿到站姿的转换过程中交叉手臂确实有效地减少了胸部扩张,而在坐姿到站姿的转换过程中采用放松手臂的策略。结果表明,交叉臂策略从坐姿到站姿过渡过程中的胸部扩张与步行过程中的胸部扩张处于同一水平,对胸骨稳定性无危险。当比较坐立转换中使用的不同策略时,与手臂放松策略相比,抱枕也是另一种减少胸部扩张的有效方法。与相对保守的策略(交叉双臂和抱枕)相比,允许在保持肩部处于中立位置的同时使用上肢,以使患者的胸骨并发症风险随着恢复的进展而降低(。

本文可以为患者提供一个客观、个性化的胸骨预防方案,在促进体力活动促进康复的同时,最大限度地降低胸骨并发症的风险。此外,可穿戴式柔性传感器与提取此数字生物标记物的算法可以发展成为一个远程监控系统,提醒胸骨切开术后患者的“危险”日常生活活动。

C. Wang, R. Goel, M. Noun, R. K. Ghanta and B. Najafi, "Wearable Sensor-Based Digital Biomarker to Estimate Chest Expansion During Sit-to-Stand Transitions–A Practical Tool to Improve Sternal Precautions in Patients Undergoing Median Sternotomy," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 165-173,

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904555, encodeId=36c019045554d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b8aa619690e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标记物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61969, encryptionId=b8aa619690e, topicName=标记物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1072181, createdName=wjywjy, createdTime=Thu Jun 17 03:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1684865, encodeId=0c9516848654a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=794754e74f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#扩张#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54774, encryptionId=794754e74f4, topicName=扩张)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=699d28086811, createdName=lsj637, createdTime=Thu Jun 10 05:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-06-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1657483, encodeId=ba24165e48301, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3ca31e71903' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TRA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17719, encryptionId=3ca31e71903, topicName=TRA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=757b24868428, createdName=bsmagic9140, createdTime=Sun Dec 12 22:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1944135, encodeId=54bb194413587, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fe4838502af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#可穿戴传感器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38502, encryptionId=fe4838502af, topicName=可穿戴传感器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Mon Nov 29 11:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1345433, encodeId=741313454333f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8907693e0fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物标记#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69370, encryptionId=8907693e0fa, topicName=生物标记)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=278f2500221, createdName=12498fa0m11暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon May 31 14:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1349967, encodeId=bc0c134996e47, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a59693e129' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生物标记物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69371, encryptionId=3a59693e129, topicName=生物标记物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=55ce62, createdName=hbwxf, createdTime=Mon May 31 14:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1493699, encodeId=5d77149369945, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e3a72586595' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#传感器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25865, encryptionId=e3a72586595, topicName=传感器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=06f59086560, createdName=mjldent, createdTime=Mon May 31 14:13:12 CST 2021, time=2021-05-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-06-17 wjywjy
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    2021-06-10 lsj637
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    2021-12-12 bsmagic9140
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    2021-05-31 mjldent