Lancet Glob Health:性别歧视有多可怕?过去30年印度女婴出生减少了1350万

2021-04-11 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

如果不减少性别选择性堕胎,人口扭曲可能会造成几十年的影响。

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全球范围内,女性出生失踪人数已从1970年代末的每年接近零增长到2005-2010年的每年约160万。1980年至2010年间,失踪的女婴总数约为3000万,造成了女性人口数量的严重不足。

印度占全球失踪女婴的近一半。由于社会经济、文化和历史因素的综合作用,在印度,女性比男性面临更多的歧视,选择性堕胎就是在这种情况下发生的。印度政府在1994年通过了产前诊断技术法案,禁止使用产前诊断技术,但该法案被认为在很大程度上是无效的。自2006年以来,选择性堕胎的宣传得到广泛传播,国家和一些州级政府试图实施这一法律,并扩大现有的女婴出生现金转移计划,与此同时,社会层面也帮助提高了对这一问题的认识。

有研究者试图记录印度全国和女婴出生缺失的趋势,尤其是二胎和三胎。研究小组分析了1981年至2016年35年间具有全国代表性的出生史样本,对应自1981年人口普查开始的四个人口普查时期。目标是量化性别选择性堕胎的趋势,并提供1990年、2000年和2010年每十年女性出生时失踪的绝对数字的最新估计。研究成果近日发表在Lancet Glob Health期刊上。

研究者分析了5个全国代表性家庭调查(全国家庭健康调查14和地区一级家庭调查2)的出生史,以计算1981-2016年印度的条件性别比(定义为每1000名男孩出生的女孩数量,取决于以前的出生性别)。估计了1987年、1996年、1997年、2006年和2007年16年条件性别比的年代际变化,并量化了占印度人口95%以上的各州女性出生失踪人数的趋势,以及每轮调查的5年间隔。使用多元逻辑回归来计算第二个(或第三个)女孩的优势比,并根据教育、财富、宗教、种姓和居住地进行调整。

在这五项调查中,研究者评估了210万份出生记录。将调查中的有条件性别比应用到全国出生人口中,研究者发现,根据950个女孩对1000个男孩的自然性别比,在30年的观察(1987年2016年)中,女婴出生数减少了1350万。失踪的女婴数量从1987年的350万增加到2007年的550万。对比观察的头十年(1987年,1996年)到最后十年(2007年,16年)的条件性比,印度整个国家和几乎所有区的情况都在恶化,包括出生顺序。

印度失踪女婴绝对数量的趋势,1987-96年,1997-2006年和2007-16年

旁遮普邦、哈里亚纳邦、古吉拉特邦和拉贾斯坦邦的性别比例失调最严重,占全国二、三出生女婴总数的近三分之一。大约从1986年开始,早生女儿和早生儿子后的二、三次生育的条件性别比明显不同。从1981年到2016年,一个女儿出生后第二个孩子的性别比从930(99%CI 869 990)下降到885(859 912),两个女儿出生后第三个孩子的性别比从968(866 1069)下降到788(746 830)。即使考虑了财富五分位数和教育水平,女孩失踪的概率也主要取决于更早出生的女儿。与财富和教育水平较低的群体相比,最富有和受教育程度最高的母亲的性别比例扭曲程度最高,而且通常会随着时间的推移而下降,直到2007年才略有改善。

1981年至2016年,印度按出生顺序排列的条件性别比趋势

这项分析记录了失踪女性出生的数量和原因,但没有记录其后果。选择性堕胎是最严重的性别歧视形式之一,很多男子想找伴侣但却找不到,某种程度上也增加了对妇女的暴力行为。迫切需要采取基于证据的战略,包括考虑社会决定因素如妇女的平等继承法,以及强调有效执行政策等。如果不减少性别选择性堕胎,人口扭曲可能会造成几十年的影响。

参考文献:Trends in missing females at birth in India from 1981 to 2016: analyses of 2·1 million birth histories in nationally representative surveys Nandita Saikia, PhD Catherine Meh, MSc Prof Usha Ram, PhD Jayanta Kumar Bora, MSc Bhaskar Mishra, MA Shailaja Chandra, MSc et al. Show all authors Open AccessPublished:April 08, 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00094-2

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    2021-08-28 howi
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    2021-04-25 zhouqu_8
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2008910, encodeId=b7672008910f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa4152641d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#性别歧视#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52641, encryptionId=aa4152641d7, topicName=性别歧视)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=991e83, createdName=wincls, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 18:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831115, encodeId=a99d18311150b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sat Aug 28 15:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861435, encodeId=4a531861435b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=401a23e102' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ALT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2371, encryptionId=401a23e102, topicName=ALT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Apr 25 12:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616526, encodeId=02c71616526d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51bf6334ec1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#歧视#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63347, encryptionId=51bf6334ec1, topicName=歧视)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e81f19767924, createdName=ms8888626721583891, createdTime=Tue Apr 13 03:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621897, encodeId=1ae0162189e9e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f1386329e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Health#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8632, encryptionId=5f1386329e, topicName=Health)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8d2020283215, createdName=yyanpro@28cn.c, createdTime=Tue Apr 13 03:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034263, encodeId=6a07103426325, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Sun Apr 11 15:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=955946, encodeId=540595594616, content=好文章!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Apr 11 15:12:22 CST 2021, time=2021-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2008910, encodeId=b7672008910f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa4152641d7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#性别歧视#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52641, encryptionId=aa4152641d7, topicName=性别歧视)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=991e83, createdName=wincls, createdTime=Sat Oct 30 18:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1831115, encodeId=a99d18311150b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Sat Aug 28 15:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-08-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1861435, encodeId=4a531861435b7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=401a23e102' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ALT#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2371, encryptionId=401a23e102, topicName=ALT)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sun Apr 25 12:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1616526, encodeId=02c71616526d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=51bf6334ec1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#歧视#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63347, encryptionId=51bf6334ec1, topicName=歧视)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e81f19767924, createdName=ms8888626721583891, createdTime=Tue Apr 13 03:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1621897, encodeId=1ae0162189e9e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f1386329e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Health#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8632, encryptionId=5f1386329e, topicName=Health)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8d2020283215, createdName=yyanpro@28cn.c, createdTime=Tue Apr 13 03:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1034263, encodeId=6a07103426325, content=顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=goodbing, createdTime=Sun Apr 11 15:18:35 CST 2021, time=2021-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=955946, encodeId=540595594616, content=好文章!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Apr 11 15:12:22 CST 2021, time=2021-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-04-11 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0

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    2021-04-11 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章!

    0

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