看图“话”抗菌谱,赶紧收藏!

2018-02-05 周雪松 医学界呼吸频道

在临床工作中药物抗菌谱容易记混,有些药物抗菌谱不清楚,那么我们今天来看图“话”抗菌谱,把抗菌谱“画”清楚,“话”明白。

临床工作中药物抗菌谱容易记混,有些药物抗菌谱不清楚,那么我们今天来看图“话”抗菌谱,把抗菌谱“画”清楚,“话”明白。

临床常见的病原体包括下面几大类:

真菌:念珠菌、曲霉、毛霉、隐球菌、球孢子菌、组织胞浆菌等

革兰阳性球菌:葡萄球菌(金黄色葡萄糖菌与凝固酶葡萄糖球菌)、链球菌属(肺炎链球菌、化脓链球菌、草绿色链球菌等)、肠球菌等

革兰阳性杆菌:结核分枝杆菌、非典型分枝杆菌、产单核细胞李斯特菌等

革兰阴性杆菌:肠杆菌科(大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、变形杆菌属、沙雷菌属、沙门菌属)、假单胞菌属(铜绿假单胞菌)、不动杆菌属、产碱杆菌属、嗜血杆菌属等

厌氧菌:类杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、具核梭杆菌、丙酸杆菌、消化球菌等

非典型微生物:支原体、衣原体、军团菌、立克次体等

1.青霉素类抗菌谱



青霉素为窄谱抗菌药物主要对革兰阳性菌起作用:包括革兰阳性球菌(肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌等)革兰阳性杆菌(白喉杆菌),对革兰阴性球菌(脑膜炎奈瑟菌、淋病奈瑟菌)也有一定作用。对螺旋体(梅毒螺旋体、回归热螺旋体、钩端螺旋体)有抗菌作用,目前临床使用耐药率高。

苯唑西林抗菌谱同青霉素,它是筛查是否耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的标志性药物,如耐药应不选用任何β-内酰胺类的药物。



阿莫西林克拉维酸钾临床应用较多,抗菌谱偏革兰阳性菌,对链球菌效果好,临床常用于轻、中度呼吸道、尿路、胆道感染



哌拉西林他唑巴坦临床应用广泛,抗菌谱广,抗菌谱略偏革兰阴性菌,对淋病奈瑟菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、假单胞菌、不动杆菌等等作用强,对阳性菌中肠球菌也有效,对厌氧菌有较好效果(如拟杆菌、梭菌、消化球菌)。

2.头孢类抗菌谱



头孢唑林第一代头孢,抗菌谱为革兰阳性菌,主要用于一类切口的预防用药。



头孢呋辛为第二代头孢,对革兰阳性菌抗菌作用低于第一代头孢,临床应用多偏向革兰阴性菌治疗。



第三代头孢类抗菌谱主要覆盖革兰阴性菌,对革兰阴性菌抗菌作用强,对革兰阳性菌作用差,其中头孢他啶对铜绿假单胞作用强。



头孢哌酮舒巴坦(舒普深)为头孢复方酶抑制剂,临床应用广泛,本品对革兰阴性菌作用强,包括对铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌作用也强,用于各种敏感菌所致的呼吸系统、泌尿系统、腹膜、胸膜、皮肤、和软组织、骨和关节、血液感染等等。



头孢吡肟、头孢匹罗为第四代头孢,抗菌谱广,对大多数革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌有效,抗菌活性同第三代头孢,但抗菌谱进一步扩大。



头孢吡普为第五代头孢,抗菌谱比第四代头孢进一步扩大,为更广谱头孢类抗菌药物,对革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、厌氧菌都有抗菌作用,其抗菌谱还包括MRSA、万古霉素中度耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(VISA)和万古霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(VRSA)等。

3.喹诺酮类抗菌谱



左氧氟沙星是第三代喹诺酮类临床应用广泛,抗菌谱广,不用做皮试,可以用于各个组织的感染治疗,能覆盖大部分革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌,对肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、肺炎军团菌、结核分枝杆菌有效,目前耐药率越来越高。应尽量控制用于:呼吸系统、泌尿系统、肠道感染。



莫西沙星是第四代喹诺酮类药物,主要用于呼吸道感染,抗菌谱比第三代喹诺酮更广,抗菌作用更强,包括革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、厌氧菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、肺炎军团菌、结核分枝杆菌等等。

4.氨基糖苷类抗菌谱



氨基糖苷类包括:庆大霉素、妥布霉素、依替米星、阿米卡星等,前三位耐药率高,阿米卡星耐药率低,对革兰阴性菌抗菌作用强,一般临床不用于革兰阳性菌治疗。

5.大环内酯类抗菌谱



阿奇霉素对革兰阳性菌有较强的抑制作用,能用于肺炎链球菌、肺炎支原体、沙眼衣原体等所致治疗。

6.林可类抗菌谱



克林霉素可用于革兰阳性菌和一些厌氧菌引起的感染。

7.其他类



利福平:与其他抗结核药联合用于各种结核病的初治与复治,联合用于麻风、非结核杆菌治疗,与万古霉素联合用于甲氧西林耐药的严重感染,与红霉素联合用于军团菌严重感染。



磷霉素抗菌谱广,对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌等革兰阳性菌具抗菌作用,对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、志贺菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌有较强抗菌活性。

美国食药监局规定可单独用于泌尿系统的治疗。与其他药物联合使用可以治疗重症感染:败血症、腹膜炎、骨髓炎等等。

8.抗真菌药物抗菌谱



氟康唑:三唑类,广谱抗真菌药物。

两性霉素B:多烯类抗真菌药物,能覆盖所有真菌,治疗深部真菌首选药物。

伏立康唑:三唑类,抗菌谱广,可以治疗侵袭性曲霉病。

9.抗厌氧菌药物抗菌谱



甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑:对滴虫、阿米巴及脆弱拟杆菌等厌氧菌具强大抗菌活性,口服可以用于艰难梭菌所致的假膜性肠炎,与其他药物联合治疗胃窦炎、消化性溃疡,与其他抗菌药物联合使用治疗盆腔、肠道、腹腔感染。

10.特殊级抗菌药物抗菌谱



氨曲南抗菌谱主要为需氧革兰阴性杆菌。



亚胺培南西司他丁抗菌谱广,能覆盖和杀灭绝大部分革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌,能覆盖大部分厌氧菌。用于各种严重感染,败血症、腹膜炎、肝胆感染、腹腔内感染、化脓并穿孔阑尾炎、妇科感染、骨和关节炎感染,适用于治疗产ESBLs或AmpC酶耐药细菌感染。



万古霉素、替考拉宁为糖肽类抗菌药物,临床主要用于革兰阳性菌严重感染。

利奈唑胺:恶唑烷酮类用于治疗革兰阳性菌感染包括耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌。

达托霉素:多肽类临床治疗革兰阳性菌感染,对甲氧西林、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌仍有效。



替加环素为甘氨酰环素类抗菌药物,属于四环素类衍生物,是目前最广谱的抗菌药物,可以说是超广谱药物,覆盖几乎所有革兰阳性和阴性菌。

用于复杂性皮肤软组织感染,特别是用于复杂性腹腔内感染覆盖:阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌、产酸克雷伯菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等等,包括覆盖厌氧菌脆弱拟杆菌、多形拟杆菌、普通拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌等。需要注意它不能覆盖铜绿假单胞菌。

原始出处:

[1]孙淑娟、张志清.[M]临床药物治疗案例解析丛书孙淑娟

[2]抗菌药物临床应用管理办法应用培训教材

[3]临床药物治疗学感染性疾病:颜青、吕晓菊

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    学习了谢谢分享!!

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authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Feb 05 09:40:56 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285321, encodeId=c0c32853216b, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 09:16:29 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285315, encodeId=e5b428531553, content=学习了谢谢分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 08:50:09 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-07 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

  3. 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    2018-02-07 1e109ee5m60(暂无匿称)

    很棒~

    0

  4. 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  5. 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    2018-02-06 Chadwick_zc

    谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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  7. 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    2018-02-06 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

  8. 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    2018-02-05 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

    0

  9. 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    2018-02-05 happsf

    学习

    0

  10. 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    2018-02-05 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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