科学家们有望利用“便便”开发改善人类健康治疗多种疾病的新型疗法

2018-05-25 佚名 细胞

想不想知道你的“便便”能干什么?很多人可能并不想知道!但这却是如今正在进行美国人群肠道健康计划的科学家们所要思考的,研究人员在实验室和计算机中开发出了很多最前沿的分析方法来分析肠道微生物菌群的DNA和特殊分子的水平,任何人都可以将粪便寄给这些科学家们,他们分析后会将结果告知给你。

想不想知道你的“便便”能干什么?很多人可能并不想知道!但这却是如今正在进行美国人群肠道健康计划的科学家们所要思考的,研究人员在实验室和计算机中开发出了很多最前沿的分析方法来分析肠道微生物菌群的DNA和特殊分子的水平,任何人都可以将粪便寄给这些科学家们,他们分析后会将结果告知给你。

这听起来好像很奇怪,科学家们为什么会用这些“便便”来搞事情?毕竟“便便”的归属地还是马桶,然而对于粪便而言,其中的微生物生态和分子“景观”是非常复杂的,如今科学家们开始研究阐明肠道微生物对机体健康的重要性,这些细菌主要负责破碎饮食中的纤维,而其也能够产生多种关键的营养物质,包括能够滋养肠道内层细胞的丁酸,在过去10年里,研究人员阐明了干扰肠道菌群对机体疾病发生率的影响。

与肠道微生物组相关的疾病包括肥胖、恶性营养不良病、肝脏疾病、心脏病、甚至还包括抑郁症和帕金森疾病等,然而很多研究都集中研究科学家们精心挑选的个体,这或许就无形中排除了多种人群体内其它种类的微生物群落,因此研究人员想尽可能地找到来自不同人群的不同种类的粪便样本来进行分析,同时他们还希望能够收集到每一位参与者的生活方式及健康信息,这样研究人员就能够揭开肠道微生物组、机体健康和疾病发生之间的关联。

肠道中生存哪种肠道菌群依赖于我们所摄入的食物

在此前的研究报告中,研究人员就描述了他们对1万多名参与者的研究结果,对于这些样本而言,研究者解析了每一份粪便样本中的细菌和古细菌的DNA信息,同时研究人员还对这些微生物的类型和其相对丰都进行了研究,随后研究人员对几百份非常特别的粪便样本进行了研究,提供这些粪便的参与者包括过度摄入植物以及滥用抗生素,研究人员检测了粪便样本中存在的特殊分子以及基因类型;当剔除所有个人标记后,研究人员将所有数据存入公共网络资源中,以便研究人员、医生或病人能够使用这些数据。

研究人员发现,日常饮食中植物种类越多,个体肠道微生物的多样性就越高,更让研究人员兴奋的是,不仅仅是摄入较少植物饮食和较多植物饮食的人群的肠道微生物存在明显不同外,其肠道菌群所产生的分子种类也存在明显差异,摄入较多类型植物的人群机体的肠道菌群能够利用不同的新陈代谢通路来分解食物,同时还会产生不同类型的分子,由于研究人员并不认为摄入多种植物的饮食会对肠道健康产生明显影响,但实际数据并非如此。

抗生素和肠道菌群

在邮寄粪便样本之前,研究人员对报告摄入抗生素的人群进行了深入分析,并且将这些人群的粪便与过去几年里并未摄入抗生素的人群的粪便进行了对比,结果显示,最近摄入抗生素的人群的肠道菌群多样性会发生明显下降,但其肠道中或有更多种类分子存在,这些分子的产生似乎与机体接触抗生素有关,因此研究人员就需要理解这些化学物质的产生是否与肠道菌群有关,目前他们还并不清楚为何当有较少肠道菌群存在时,化学物质的种类反而会增加,而且这也是研究人员必须探索的另一个谜题。

随后研究者表示,他们在许多声称在采集粪便样本前一年没有服用抗生素的人群机体中检测到了农用抗生素,即给鸡和牛等动物喂食的抗生素,这似乎就意味着,用于在工业饲养动物中的抗生素或许最终会进入人体内,而其很有可能会损伤或改变机体肠道菌群的健康,长此以往肯定会给人类健康带来不可思议的后果。

英国“粪便”vs美国“粪便”

尽管研究者进行的很多分析都重点关注于美国人群,而来自英国的人群也参与了一项名为“英国肠道计划”的姊妹项目,在研究的过程中,研究人员意识到,对多个群体进行研究所得到的结果似乎意义更大。比如,利用两种不同的西方人群的粪便样本进行研究,研究者们就能够发现粪便多样性会出现差异,英国人群的肠道菌群似乎种类更加繁多。

研究人员进行的一项研究就旨在阐明肠道微生物组组成与个体患抑郁症之间的关联,来自大西洋两岸的人群样本与美英两国人群的样本具有一致性,结果表明,疾病-微生物组的关联或许能在不同人群中适应,至少当研究者使用相同的方法时。很不幸的是,尽管研究人员从每个国家中至少取得了一份样本,但仍然缺少很多国家人群的样本,因此研究人员正在积极与世界各国的合作者进行合作,希望在整体分析全球人群粪便样本的基础上,来寻找到一些解决当前诸如慢性疾病等多种疾病的新型策略。



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    2018-06-04 jyzxjiangqin

    人群肠道健康的管理.

    0

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    2018-05-27 cscdliu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

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    2018-05-27 虈亣靌

    好知识值得借鉴!!

    0

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