World Neurosurg:单核细胞源的脑恶性胶质瘤综述

2015-08-01 Zvi Ram 刘思祎

Zvi Ram, M.D. 癌症免疫治疗的精华是刺激免疫系统攻击肿瘤细胞同时区分开正常的组织。这个方法对很多癌症类型显示出潜在的效果,包括侵袭性恶性胶质瘤。恶性胶质瘤是高度浸润的肿瘤,其突出部可以远远扩展到肿瘤主体部以外。利用这个浸润特性我们有了一种新的诊疗方法,可以到达并摧毁浸润的细胞。 在血液中和淋巴系统中的白细胞(中性粒细胞)通过特定靶点对内在和外在的刺激做出免疫应答。单核细胞呈

Zvi Ram, M.D..png

Zvi Ram, M.D.

癌症免疫治疗的精华是刺激免疫系统攻击肿瘤细胞同时区分开正常的组织。这个方法对很多癌症类型显示出潜在的效果,包括侵袭性恶性胶质瘤。恶性胶质瘤是高度浸润的肿瘤,其突出部可以远远扩展到肿瘤主体部以外。利用这个浸润特性我们有了一种新的诊疗方法,可以到达并摧毁浸润的细胞。

在血液中和淋巴系统中的白细胞(中性粒细胞)通过特定靶点对内在和外在的刺激做出免疫应答。单核细胞呈现出一个中性粒细胞亚群,最开始被称为骨髓源性的骨髓细胞。这些细胞在血液中循环,最后栖居于巨噬细胞上(5)。这些单核细胞在血液、骨髓和脾脏中循环,保持一个稳定的状态,并不增殖。在炎症状态下,单核细胞游离出血流进入病变组织,在局部生成炎性细胞因子。巨噬细胞产生一个单核细胞亚群,作为吞噬细胞,通过凋亡细胞的清除、感染因子的消除以及伤口愈合提升来维持环境的内稳态(15)。另一个单核细胞类型是树突细胞(DC)。树突细胞分化后参与T细胞的抗原提呈,细胞因子的产生以及免疫的启动和控制(20)。

骨髓细胞是人体蕴藏最丰富的造血细胞,对于先天免疫和后天免疫发挥正常功能起到至关重要的作用,他们由多能造血干细胞分化产生,而后进入成熟的骨髓细胞中(5)。这些细胞消除凋亡细胞,介导组织重塑,并且在肿瘤血管生成、细胞侵入和转移播散中起到主要作用(20)。区分不同的造血细胞非常难,因为很多都共享相同的细胞表面表达物质。

在过去的十年中,不断增加的证据表明肿瘤的内环境通过将骨髓细胞转化成为免疫抑制细胞的方法来改变骨髓细胞,取名为骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)(22)。肿瘤内环境的特征包括组织缺氧、细胞外腺苷堆积、乳酸增加以及PH降低。在一些癌症中如乳腺癌(18)、非小细胞肺癌(17)、胰腺癌(1)以及颅内肿瘤(13)、肝癌(16)、前列腺癌和脑胶质瘤中(19),都出现了程度骨髓细胞的产生减少,而在肿瘤部位的未成熟骨髓细胞产生增多(4)。两大主要的MDSC已经被分类出来:单核细胞MDSCs和分叶核的MDSCs(也称为粒细胞MDSCs,根据细胞质内的颗粒划分的)(5)。

在《世界神经外科》杂志中,作者Kushchayev等文献复习了脑单核细胞源性细胞在稳定状态和在病理性胶质瘤状态中的角色。他们总结了可能的治疗策略,并且讨论了潜在的治疗方法。

中枢神经系统免疫系统被认为是免疫优先器官(14)。支持这个假定的方面包括血脑屏障、脑中缺乏淋巴引流以及主要的组织相容性复合物的细胞低表达。这个特性被认为可能导致免疫系统抗原提呈的减少(12)。不管怎样,这个理念在最近几年开始被质疑(7)。小神经胶质细胞和巨噬细胞是一个主要的免疫亚群,在恶性胶质瘤中可以观察到,其在肿瘤的发病机制中发挥了重要的作用(6)。正常人体的的单核细胞暴露在恶性胶质瘤中是呈现出一种MDSC样的表型(22)。越来越多的证据表明恶性胶质瘤细胞通过一系列机制逃过的免疫监控,使主动免疫和被动免疫都无法实施(2)。MDSC样细胞包含了未成熟的抗原提呈成分减少的抗原提呈细胞,以及整体无效的抗胶质瘤的免疫应答(21)。

MDSCs在免疫逃脱机制和胶质瘤的免疫抑制状态中发挥了重要作用,使肿瘤得以持续生长和增殖(22)。MDSCs可以通过产生精氨酸酶来抑制T细胞功能(21),精氨酸酶降低了L-精氨酸的水平,而L精氨酸是T细胞维持正常功能的重要物质。MDSCs成熟可能导致MDSCs从抑制细胞到抗肿瘤免疫细胞的转变。对于MDSCs导致免疫抑制的机制的理解能够帮助我们创造新的治疗策略来转化或阻滞这个过程。

有许多方法可以对抗MDSC的效应。包括阻滞MDSCs的产生,加快他们的成熟速度,靶向增加特定的抑制因素,以及利用这些细胞作为靶向胶质瘤的传送平台。MDSCs的消耗可以通过使用抗体来实现,在鼠颅内胶质瘤模型中发现MDSCs的募集减少(3)。血管内皮生长因子受体的信号表达也显示能够减少MDSCs的产生(9)。例如,舒尼替尼提升了抗肿瘤免疫力,索拉菲尼导致了MDSCs的减少。额外的受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂还在研究当中。另一个治疗策略致力于强制MDSCs的成熟并且通过γ干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子α提升抗肿瘤免疫力。

抗炎细胞因子如白介素1受体拮抗剂或阻滞剂以及前列腺素E2阻滞剂也可以减少MDSCs的积累(5)。另一个策略是阻滞MDSCs介导的免疫抑制分子,如阻滞精氨酸酶1,其大部分是由MDSCs分泌,并抑制T细胞增殖和T细胞功能。树突状细胞疫苗是一种方法,它是将树突状细胞注入到有胶质瘤抗体的胶质瘤病人身上。树突状细胞注射导致了抗体特异性以及T细胞介导的抗肿瘤应答的减弱(8)。常规使用非甾体类抗炎药,比如环氧酶2抑制剂(12,23-25),与患胶质瘤的几率减少这之间的关系在最近几年备受关注(23,24)。小鼠模型上应用环氧酶2抑制剂能够延迟肿瘤生长,减少MDSC的聚积(12)。半乳糖/N乙酰半乳糖胺特异性C型凝集素受体(GCLR)调节细胞的分化并且阻挡单细胞源性细胞。GCLR缩氨酸拟态的配合基显示出对单细胞源性脑细胞以及鼠颅内GL261胶质瘤模型血单核细胞有刺激作用(10)。在鼠颅内C57BL/6胶质瘤模型中(11),当联合放疗时,GCLR缩氨酸的效果被增强,可以看到肿瘤瘤体的减少以及整体生存率的提高。

恶性胶质瘤的免疫治疗是一种有前景的治疗方法,在他们的综述中,Kushchayev重点讲了单核细胞源性细胞在脑胶质瘤中的作用,同时也强调了对于多种机制的理解以及对于单核细胞源性细胞与胶质瘤细胞的关系的理解。一个理想的治疗应该是能够通过治疗,达到克服肿瘤逃脱免疫系统监控,增强中枢神经系统免疫力以及调节肿瘤内环境抑制肿瘤细胞生长等多个目的治疗方法。

参考文献

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相关出处:

Kushchayev SV, Kushchayeva YS, Wiener PC, Scheck AC, Badie B, Preul MC.Monocyte-derived cells of the brain and malignant gliomas: the double face of Janus.World Neurosurg. 2014 Dec;82(6):1171-86.

Shahar T, Rozovski U, Shapira Y, Nossek E, Zelikovich B, Jossiphov J, Ram Z, Kanner AA, Siegal T, Blumenthal DT, Lavon I.Conflicting pathology reports: a diagnostic dilemma.J Neurosurg. 2015 Feb;122(2):276-9. 

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    2015-11-17 limin0214

    好东西呀

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    2015-10-11 hlycom3356

    感谢作者分享

    0

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    2015-08-04 Messichen1992

    值得一看

    0

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    2015-08-04 Messichen1992

    好东西

    0

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    2015-08-03 lsndxfj

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