哮喘急性发作怎么办?紧急处理4步走

2021-12-13 急诊医学资讯 急诊医学资讯

支气管哮喘是一种常见的呼吸道疾病,急性发作时如果得不到及时、正确的救治,会给患者造成极大的痛苦,甚至威胁生命。

支气管哮喘是一种常见的呼吸道疾病,急性发作时如果得不到及时、正确的救治,会给患者造成极大的痛苦,甚至威胁生命。
因此,对于哮喘患者及亲友,有必要掌握一些哮喘急性发作救治的知识。
01
什么是哮喘急性发作?
哮喘急性发作是指喘息、气促、咳嗽、胸闷等症状突然发生,或原有症状急剧加重,伴有呼吸困难,以呼气流量降低为主要特征。
02
如何判断哮喘急性发作?
1、咳嗽
 
有的病人平时感到没什么症状吗,突然最近咳嗽了,而且咳得比较严重,伴有胸闷气短,虽然不是很严重,要引起警惕,可能预示着哮喘病情加重。
 
图片来源:摄图网
https://699pic.com/tupian-401765939.html
2、依据呼气流量峰值(PEF)监测结果
 
PEF可以通过简易峰流速仪来检测。峰流速仪携带方便,操作简单,可以在家自行检测,如果PEF值近期下降至个人最佳的60-80%或更低,则需要警惕急性发作的风险。
03
哮喘急性发作处理4步走
1、远离诱因
 
大部分哮喘急性发作都有明确的诱因,远离诱因,尤为重要,保持家庭环境清洁通风,空气清新。
2、稳定情绪
 
及时消除患者的紧张情绪。紧张的情绪可能会加重气道痉挛的程度,使哮喘症状难以控制。
 
3、选用药物

 

1)首选速效支气管舒张剂,如沙丁胺醇气雾剂等,能够迅速缓解支气管痉挛。每一个哮喘患者都应该常备这些急救药,哮喘急性发作时, 每次吸入 100~200μg ,即 1~2 喷,必要时可每隔 4~6 小时吸入一次,但 24 小时内不宜超过 8 喷。

 

2)吸入激素和支气管舒张剂的联合药物

如果手边没有沙丁胺醇气雾剂,还可用布地奈德/福莫特罗,也可用于迅速缓解症状,最好一天不超过 8 吸。

 

3)家中常备口服激素如泼尼松等,不过用法剂量要咨询专业医师,以免发生药物不良反应或延误病情。

4、氧疗
 
低氧血症者,采用鼻导管或面罩吸氧,以维持血氧饱和度在 94% 以上。
04
区分重症,及时送医
如果出现下述任何一项重症的表现,及时就近就医。
1、一看说话方式
 
如果讲话流畅,短语短句张口就来,这种情况通常不严重。
重症患者往往讲话费劲,惜字如金,讲单字都困难,这种就要小心了。
图片来源:摄图网
https://699pic.com/tupian-302317991.html
2、二看坐姿体位
轻中度患者往往喜欢斜靠着或躺着,可以按照自己的舒适度调节,不烦躁。
重症患者常常坐立不安,身体前倾坐着喘气会让他稍感舒适。
3、三看脉搏心跳
重症患者由于气道持续痉挛缺氧,心跳加速,往往脉搏或心率超过 120 次甚至更快。
4、四看血压氧饱和度
如果家里有指脉式氧饱和仪或血压计,都可以用来判断病情程度。
当氧饱和度低于 90% ,通常表明病情重。如果血压不好,通常也表明病情重。
 
这里的血压不好一般指低血压,如果血压过低,可能有休克前兆。当然很多老年患者,血压很高时也要注意。
哮喘作为一种不能根治的慢性呼吸道过敏性疾病,需要进行长期规范的治疗治疗,只有这样,才能达到病情的完全控制,即维持与健康人的相同生活质量,减少哮喘急性发作。

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    气管哮喘是一种常见的呼吸道疾病,急性发

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