锁骨近端骨折诊治进展

2016-05-17 佚名 国际骨科学杂志

锁骨近端骨折在临床上较为少见,治疗经验相当匮乏,目前对锁骨近端骨折一般采取保守治疗。近年来有研究发现,锁骨近端骨折保守治疗的效果并不理想,而手术治疗可以有效解除疼痛、恢复功能。然而,目前手术治疗方法繁多,尚无统一标准。本文就锁骨近端骨折诊治进展作一综述。 流行病学 锁骨近端骨折定义为累及锁骨内侧1/3的骨折,以往文献报道其发生率为2%~3%。但Throckmorton等进行回顾性研究发现,

锁骨近端骨折在临床上较为少见,治疗经验相当匮乏,目前对锁骨近端骨折一般采取保守治疗。近年来有研究发现,锁骨近端骨折保守治疗的效果并不理想,而手术治疗可以有效解除疼痛、恢复功能。然而,目前手术治疗方法繁多,尚无统一标准。本文就锁骨近端骨折诊治进展作一综述。

流行病学

锁骨近端骨折定义为累及锁骨内侧1/3的骨折,以往文献报道其发生率为2%~3%。但Throckmorton等进行回顾性研究发现,锁骨近端骨折占锁骨骨折的9.3%,高于此前的研究结果;认为造成这一差异的原因可能是目前CT检查应用较之前更广泛,22%的锁骨近端骨折只能通过CT检查发现(X线检查结果呈阴性)。因此,对于锁骨近端骨折,基于CT检查的诊断较基于X线检查的诊断更准确。Oe等研究认为,对于X线检查不能明确诊断的锁骨近端骨折,应进行CT检查;造成锁骨近端骨折的暴力通常较大,多伴有合并伤,死亡率也较高(90%的锁骨近端骨折患者存在合并伤,其中肋骨骨折和肺挫伤最为常见,而20%的锁骨近端骨折患者在1个月内死亡)。

解剖结构

锁骨内侧向前弯曲形成肋锁间隙,其中可容纳神经和大血管通过。在锁骨近端后方有锁骨下动脉、锁骨下静脉及颈外静脉等重要血管通过,C4~8及T1~2脊神经也从锁骨后方进入上肢。Sinha等应用CT三维重建对锁骨后方结构进行评估发现,在锁骨近端距离胸锁关节1 cm处,锁骨下静脉位于锁骨近端的正后方,距锁骨后方皮质非常近,平均距离为4.77 mm(0~15.9 mm),因此建议在对锁骨近端进行固定时,尽量不要由前向后置入螺钉,以免损伤锁骨下静脉。

而Qin等应用MRI检查对锁骨后方结构进行分析后提出,在锁骨近端安全的置钉角度为头向>59.7°、尾向>95.3°,安全置钉深度为(17.0±2.4)mm。当然,上述研究中的影像学资料都是在患者平卧位且双上肢置于身体两侧的情况下获得的,而实际手术过程中通常采用沙滩位,患侧上肢放置也根据术者习惯有所不同,因此上述数据只能作为参考。术前常规进行CT检查有助于手术方案的制定,并可以降低手术中损伤重要解剖结构的风险。

分型

锁骨近端骨折的分型最早由Robinson提出,他根据骨折断端移位是否超过100%将锁骨近端骨折分为无移位型(IA型)和有移位型(IB型),并进一步分为关节内骨折和关节外骨折。随后Throckmorton等进一步细化了锁骨近端骨折的分型,将其分为A型(横形骨折)、B型(斜形关节内骨折)、C型(斜形关节外骨折)、D型(粉碎性骨折)和E型(撕脱骨折),并将锁骨近端骨折移位程度进行了定义(移位<2 mm为轻度移位,移位2~10mm为中度移位,移位>10 mm为重度移位)。

治疗

鉴于锁骨近端背侧复杂的解剖结构及损伤重要神经血管脏器等的风险,锁骨近端骨折大多采用保守治疗,使用“8”字绷带或悬吊带进行固定,固定时间一般为2~6周。在患者疼痛可耐受的范围内,应鼓励其适当运动以利于功能恢复。手术指征主要包括:①伴有神经血管损伤;②伴有同侧肩胛颈骨折,形成“浮动肩”;③开放性骨折;④软组织受压,有顶破皮肤的潜在危险。传统观点认为,除非存在上述情况,否则即使骨折明显移位也不建议手术治疗。

保守治疗 Robinson等对28例行保守治疗的锁骨近端骨折患者进行随访,发现骨折均完全愈合,未出现骨不连,只有1例因畸形愈合而再次手术治疗。但另一些研究却发现锁骨近端骨折保守治疗的效果并不理想。Bartonicek等报道了5例锁骨近端骨折病例,其中3例采用钢缆进行捆绑固定,2例进行保守治疗,结果发现3例手术治疗患者术后患肢活动度均完全恢复,而2例保守治疗患者中1例出现肩关节外旋受限,1例出现疼痛并有肩关节外旋和上举受限。

Throckmorton等的随访研究发现,采用保守治疗的锁骨近端骨折患者中主诉疼痛者超过半数(25%有轻度疼痛,22%有中度疼痛,6%有重度疼痛)。Robinson等对锁骨近端骨折保守治疗后出现骨折不愈合病例进行分析,发现锁骨近端骨折骨不连发生率为8.3%,其中骨折移位患者(骨折断端上、下层皮质之间无接触)的骨不连发生率高达14.3%;提出保守治疗有一些弊端,例如患者对“8”字绑带固定感到不适,甚至难以坚持,以及保守治疗可能造成外观畸形、功能受限等不良后果。因此,越来越多的学者开始尝试采用切开复位内固定治疗锁骨近端骨折。

手术治疗 目前还没有专门针对锁骨近端解剖结构设计的内固定钢板,因此锁骨近端骨折手术固定的方法繁多。对于近端骨折块较小或粉碎的锁骨近端骨折,可以采用克氏针或钢丝捆绑固定;对于骨折块稍大的锁骨近端骨折,可以采用T形钢板或同侧锁骨远端钢板固定;对于骨折线靠近锁骨中外1/3的锁骨近端骨折,可以采用重建钢板等固定。

克氏针或钢丝固定 克氏针或钢丝固定主要应用于骨折块粉碎、无法使用钢板进行固定的锁骨近端骨折治疗。BourGhli等报道了1例因为不能耐受“8”字绑带固定而进行手术治疗的锁骨近端骨折病例,结果由于骨折近端粉碎,只能使用克氏针进行交叉固定,术毕将克氏针尾部弯曲180°,以防克氏针移位造成相关并发症,术后3个月随访确认骨折愈合后即将克氏针取出,术后8个月患者重新恢复原来的跳伞工作。但既往文献报道,使用克氏针固定锁骨近端骨折可出现许多严重并发症,因此应谨慎选用,并在术后加强随访,及时取出内固定物。Bartonicek等、Low等分别报道采用钢丝或单枚螺钉对锁骨近端骨折进行固定,术后骨折均愈合良好,未遗留功能障碍;但他们仍认为如果骨折近端长度足够,应尽量使用锁定钢板进行固定。

钢板固定 在锁骨近端骨折固定中使用较多的是同侧锁骨远端钢板。锁骨呈S形,同侧锁骨远端钢板旋转180°后与锁骨近端外形接近,稍加塑形即与锁骨近端相贴服。此外,应用于锁骨近端骨折时,锁骨远端钢板远端双排锁定孔的设计可以使其对锁骨近端骨折块进行更多层皮质的固定,加强骨折固定的稳定性。Sidhu等使用同侧锁骨远端钢板对15例锁骨近端骨折患者进行切开复位内固定,结果骨折均完全愈合,没有1例出现并发症,且所有患者都返回原来的工作岗位;提出为了保护锁骨近端背侧的解剖结构,避免损伤重要的神经血管,近端骨折块应进行单层皮质锁定螺钉固定,而远端骨折块应进行双层皮质固定;鉴于手术效果良好,认为对于有明显移位(>1cm)的锁骨近端骨折,应积极进行手术治疗。除锁骨远端钢板外,桡骨远端钢板、跖骨钢板、T形钢板也被应用于固定锁骨近端骨折,这些钢板的共同特点是近端具有较多的锁定孔可以对锁骨近端骨折块进行固定,也都取得了不错的手术效果。Oe等采用跖骨钢板、T形钢板等对10例锁骨近端骨折进行切开复位内固定,提出在固定近端骨折块时,应进行双层皮质固定。

对于骨折线靠近锁骨中外1/3的锁骨近端骨折可使用重建钢板等进行固定,重建钢板易塑形,与锁骨近端更易贴合。Oe等对骨折线靠近锁骨中外1/3的锁骨近端骨折采用重建钢板和普通加压钢板进行固定,近端骨折块使用2~3枚螺钉进行双层皮质固定,术后骨折愈合良好,未遗留功能障碍。

Gille等报道了1例应用钩钢板进行锁骨近端骨折固定的病例,将钢板置于锁骨前方,并将钩部插入胸骨进行跨胸锁关节固定,术后12周骨折完全愈合后取出内固定物,患者功能恢复良好。Oe等也报道了1例采用特殊构造的Pilon钢板跨胸锁关节固定锁骨近端骨折的病例,在锁骨近端使用6枚螺钉固定(其中5枚置于胸骨),但术后出现内固定物松动,认为其与跨胸锁关节固定扭力较大及未使用锁定螺钉有关。解剖学研究发现,胸锁关节在各个方向均具有一定的活动度,其中上下30°~35°,前后35°,并可沿纵轴旋转45°~50°,因此对于胸锁关节应采取弹性固定。如果因为近端骨折块较小而采取跨胸锁关节固定,那么势必引起胸锁关节处钢板应力的增加,造成螺钉松动甚至钢板断裂,因此对于跨胸锁关节固定应谨慎。

目前报道中几乎所有锁骨近端骨折患者经手术治疗均取得不错的效果,骨折均完全愈合,患肢活动不受限制,且未出现术中神经血管损伤及术后骨不连等,仅Oe等报道了1例内固定物松动而再次手术病例。

结语

临床上锁骨近端骨折较为罕见,由于致伤的暴力较大,多伴有其他严重的合并伤,有较高的死亡率,既往认为大部分锁骨近端骨折应采取保守治疗,然而保守治疗效果并不尽理想。鉴于此,越来越多的学者推荐对锁骨近端骨折采取手术治疗。然而,目前尚缺乏专门针对锁骨近端解剖结构设计的钢板,临床上用于锁骨近端骨折固定的钢板有多种,但这些钢板与锁骨近端的解剖匹配性均不甚理想。Sidhu等研究发现,大部分患者术后出现了钢板激惹症状,推测可能由于钢板与锁骨近端不够贴服所致。因此,有必要设计一款符合锁骨近端解剖结构的低切迹锁定钢板,从而优化手术效果。

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    不错哦,会学到很多,喜欢梅斯医学文章

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740450, encodeId=56151e404505e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Nov 24 23:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129461, encodeId=cc3412946160, content=不错哦,会学到很多,喜欢梅斯医学文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 17 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93157, encodeId=6a1b9315ed5, content=Mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=635a1739335, createdName=大魔王, createdTime=Sat Jul 16 02:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418279, encodeId=9a2e14182e965, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f33896685c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锁骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96685, encryptionId=f33896685c3, topicName=锁骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fae13339759, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579487, encodeId=fccb15e94876e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3afd942e905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94279, encryptionId=3afd942e905, topicName=近端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da2116536440, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-16 大魔王

    Mark

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740450, encodeId=56151e404505e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Nov 24 23:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129461, encodeId=cc3412946160, content=不错哦,会学到很多,喜欢梅斯医学文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 17 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93157, encodeId=6a1b9315ed5, content=Mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=635a1739335, createdName=大魔王, createdTime=Sat Jul 16 02:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418279, encodeId=9a2e14182e965, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f33896685c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锁骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96685, encryptionId=f33896685c3, topicName=锁骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fae13339759, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579487, encodeId=fccb15e94876e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3afd942e905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94279, encryptionId=3afd942e905, topicName=近端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da2116536440, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-19 slcumt
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1740450, encodeId=56151e404505e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0ba916e323' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91673, encryptionId=e0ba916e323, topicName=诊治进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0c3934772489, createdName=12498cbcm11(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Nov 24 23:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129461, encodeId=cc3412946160, content=不错哦,会学到很多,喜欢梅斯医学文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Sep 17 11:51:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93157, encodeId=6a1b9315ed5, content=Mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=635a1739335, createdName=大魔王, createdTime=Sat Jul 16 02:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418279, encodeId=9a2e14182e965, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f33896685c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#锁骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96685, encryptionId=f33896685c3, topicName=锁骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fae13339759, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1579487, encodeId=fccb15e94876e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3afd942e905' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#近端#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94279, encryptionId=3afd942e905, topicName=近端)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=da2116536440, createdName=hittouch, createdTime=Thu May 19 02:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-19 hittouch