实用:心源性休克的诊断与治疗,把握好这10点

2022-04-08 院前急救联盟 院前急救联盟

这样处理就对了~

1、休克的概述

休克是一种有效循环血量减少、组织灌注不足所导致的细胞缺血、缺氧代谢紊乱和功能受损的综合征,以微循环障碍、代谢障碍、细胞受损为病理特征,是严重的全身性应激反应。
 

心源性休克(CS)是指心脏泵血功能衰竭而引起的休克,是由于心脏排血功能障碍,不能维持其最低限度的心排血量,导致血压下降,重要脏器和组织供血严重不足,引起全身性微循环功能障碍,从而出现以缺血、缺氧、代谢障碍及重要脏器损害为特征的病理生理过程。

 
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2、休克的分类
 
新分类仅包含四个主要类别:低血压性休克,分布性休克,心源性休克和梗阻性休克
 
1、低血容量性休克:分为四个亚型
 
(1)出血性休克和创伤性失血性休克的特征是出血。
 
(2)外伤性失血性休克与失血性休克的区别在于,严重的软组织损伤会加重休克。
 
2、分布性休克:分为三种亚型
 
(1)脓毒症(感染性)性休克:病理生理学的核心是内皮功能障碍,它导致血管张力失调,导致血管扩张、分布受损和宏、微循环容积变化,并导致血管通透性升高(毛细血管渗漏综合征)。
 
(2)类过敏性/过敏性休克:特点是大量组胺介导的血管扩张和分布不均,液体从血管内转移到血管外。
 

(3)神经源性休克是交感神经和副交感神经调节心脏活动和血管平滑肌之间不平衡的状态。主要症状是严重的血管扩张和相对低血容量,而血容量保持不变,至少最初是这样。

 

3、心源性休克(这里省略,在下文重点介绍)

4、梗阻性休克梗阻性休克是由大血管或心脏本身梗阻引起的一种疾病。包括舒张功能受损和心脏前负荷降低的疾病包括腔静脉压迫综合征、张力性气胸、心包填塞和高PEEP通气。

3、心源性休克的病因

1.急性心肌梗死;
 
2.心肌炎 ;
 
3.严重瓣膜病:二尖瓣反流,腱索断裂急性二尖瓣反流、主动脉瓣关闭不全;
 
4.左心室流出道梗阻:肥厚性梗阻型心肌病、左心房粘液瘤;
 
5.心肌挫伤;
 
6.败血症休克伴严重心肌顿抑;
 
7.急性应激性心肌病等
 
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4、心源性休克的病生理改变
 

CS主要的病理改变均为心输出量下降导致组织低灌注和微循环功能障碍。左心功能障碍引起心输出量下降;左心室舒张压力和室壁张力增高,冠状动脉灌注进一步降低;同时,左心房压增高,导致肺瘀血和低氧,又进一步加重冠状动脉缺血,而继发的心动过速、低血压和乳酸堆积进一步降低心肌灌注,形成恶性循环。心输出量降低也影响到其他重要器官灌注,导致广泛的组织器官血流动力学与代谢改变。与此同时,机体代偿机制被激活。交感活性增加,儿茶酚胺类水平升高,从而增快心率,增强心肌收缩性。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活导致液体潴留,前负荷增加,收缩血管以求维持血压。此外,大面积心肌坏死和低灌注状态又会触发全身炎症反应,炎症级联反应诱发大量一氧化氮活化和释放,扩张血管导致血压和组织灌注进一步下降。心输出量下降,器官低灌注,神经内分泌系统激活,系统性免疫炎症反应,微循环障碍以及细胞缺氧组成恶性循环,引起难以纠正的CS,最终可导致患者死亡。

 
5、心源性休克的分期
 

2019年新版SCAI心源性休克分类临床共识声明发布,新共识将心源性休克分为五期,并分别从体格检查、生物标志物和血流动力学等方面进行了阐述。

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注:CI为心脏指数,CVP为中心静脉压,PA sat为肺动脉血氧饱和度,BiPap为双水平气道正压通气,BNP为B型利钠肽,MAP为平均动脉压,ECMO为体外膜肺氧合,GFR为肾小球滤过率,PCWP为肺动脉楔压,RAP为右房压,PAPI为肺动脉灌注指数,PEA为无脉性电活动,VT/VF为室性心动过速/心室颤动。

 

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图1 SCAI心源性休克新分类金字塔

 
6、临床表现
 

1、症状

1.1低血压导致的组织低灌注表现:

(1)脑组织灌注下降引起神志改变,早期常有烦躁不安,之后出现精神萎靡、神志淡漠,最终发展至意识模糊,甚至昏迷;
 
(2)肾脏灌注减少常引起急性肾小管坏死,表现为少尿或无尿;
 
(3)皮肤血管收缩,表现为皮肤湿冷、苍白、紫绀和花斑。
 
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1.2肺瘀血和肺水肿表现:呼吸困难,端坐呼吸,咯粉红色泡沫痰。

2、体征

2.1持续性低血压:收缩压<90 mmHg,或平均动脉压<65 mmHg。

2.2心功能衰竭表现:脉搏细速,心音低钝,心率增快,可闻及奔马律。新发心前区杂音提示合并机械并发症可能。合并右心室心肌梗死和心包填塞可见明显颈静脉充盈。

2.3肺瘀血和肺水肿表现:呼吸频率增快,双肺干湿性啰音。

2.4器官功能障碍:表现为急性呼吸衰竭、急性肝、肾功能衰竭和脑功能障碍。

 

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一张图读懂临床表现

 
7、辅助检查
 
1、无创检查
 

心电图检查有助于明确是否合并心梗,超声心动图检查能够明确心脏收缩、舒张功能,并且明确是否合并有心肌机械损伤比如乳头肌断裂、室间隔穿孔等。床旁X线能够明确心影大小、肺水肿情况。

2、有创监测

动脉血气分析有助于监测乳酸情况,提示组织氧利用。血乳酸水平>6.5 mmol/L是CS患者住院期间死亡率增高的显著独立预测因素。
 
抽血化验中,血清肌钙蛋白、肌酸激酶及其同工酶浓度升高。
 
有创监测中,动脉血压监测有助于调控患者血压,一般建议维持MAP65mmHg。中心静脉压监测有助于调整容量。
 
同时可以监测PCWP和CI。PCWP正常值为8~12 mmHg,心指数正常值为2.5~4.0 L/min/m2。
 
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一张图读懂辅助检查

 
 
8、治疗原则
 
1 病因治疗
 
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2 合并症治疗

 

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9、治疗措施
 
1.一般治疗 
 

①体位: 最好采用平卧位,不用枕头,不能平卧者,可采用30°半卧位。

②吸氧: 先鼻导管或面罩给氧,有肺水肿者应给予通气支持,多用BiPAP,效果不好者可插管机械通气,尽量使 PaO2、SaO2保持在正常水平; 

③立即建立静脉通道: 最好选深静脉置管; 

④观察尿量和外周组织灌注情况:如患者皮肤温暖、红润表示小动脉阻力低,组织灌注尚可;如患者皮肤湿冷苍白表示血管收缩,小动脉阻力高。

2.病因治疗 

病因治疗是治疗心源性休克的关键,因此应把明确病因放在首位。例如在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者中,比起早期强化药物治疗,急诊 PCI 或 CABG 能够改善患者的长期预后。

(1)急性冠脉综合征

早期血运重建能够改善病死率;在无急诊PCI条件医院就诊的患者,如果转运时间>2 h,也可考虑早期溶栓后转运行PCI。对于AMI患者合并CS,无论发病时间多久,均应该尽快启动冠状动脉造影,并根据造影结果行急诊血运重建(PCI或冠状动脉旁路移植术)。在临床实践中强调个体化原则,不建议常规同台完全血运重建。对于合并室间隔穿孔或者乳头肌断裂的,建议尽早外科手术或者介入封堵。

(2)暴发性心肌炎

早期死亡率高,但度过危险期后,远期预后很好。暴发性心肌炎患者均应采取“以生命支持为依托的综合救治方案”,尽早给予循环支持治疗,并考虑给予免疫调节治疗。

(3)其他

3.1快速心律失常(包括心房颤动、心房扑动和室性心律失常)诱发CS,或CS因快速心律失常恶化,推荐紧急直流电复律。若无法复律,则用药物减慢心室率。对于短时间内不能恢复的严重心动过缓伴心原性休克,需临时起搏治疗。

3.2结构异常:对成人严重心脏瓣膜病变相关的CS,必须尽快治疗瓣膜病变。外科置换/成形术是经典的瓣膜修复方法,合适的个体可以行经皮瓣膜置换/成形术。对于严重梗阻性肥厚心肌病,必须解决左心室流出道梗阻。建议尽快进行室间隔切除或室间隔消融手术。

3.3急性心包填塞:急诊心包穿刺引流,必要时应尽快行急诊外科手术。

3.药物治疗

合并冠心病常规给予抗栓药物治疗,避免使用负性肌力药物和硝酸甘油类的血管扩张剂,合并高血糖的患者给予胰岛素治疗。

正性肌力和血管收缩药物能保持冠状动脉和周围循环灌注,短期可以改善患者血流动力学,但增加患者心肌氧耗量,应尽可能用最小剂量,大剂量可能增加死亡率。

常用的药物有多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴酚丁胺等,与去甲肾上腺素相比,多巴胺可能增加 非抬高型心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的病死率。因此ACC/AHA指南推荐去甲肾上腺素用于严重的心源性休克低血压状态。

对于心力衰竭逐渐加重而发生的心源性休克,可考虑短期使用磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,而洋地黄主要用于伴有心率较快的心房颤动患者;急性心肌梗死在24小时内,尤其是6小时内应避免使用洋地黄类正性肌力药物。

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4.机械循环支持治疗: 

心源性休克属于临床上危重症,在药物治疗不能显著改善患者病情的情况下,可考虑机械辅助治疗包括 IABP、左心室辅助装置( LVAD) 、体外膜肺氧合( ECMO) 。

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5、器官支持治疗
 
(1)呼吸支持严重CS患者常合并快速进展的急性呼吸衰竭和严重低氧血症。通过药物和/或机械循环辅助改善心功能和降低心脏负荷,是治疗CS合并低氧血症的关键。对于CS患者给予高流量吸氧治疗后动脉氧分压(PaO:)<60 mmHg,和/或氧饱和度(SaO:)<90%,和/或二氧化碳分压PaCO2>50 mmHg,或同时合并酸中毒时,建议及时采用机械通气治疗。无创通气能够更快地改善呼吸窘迫,降低气管插管率,并有可能降低近期死亡率。因此,建议对合并低氧血症的CS患者尽快应用无创通气,如果无效,尽快转为有创通气。有创通气的时候,PEEP一般为5cmH2O。
 

(2)肾脏支持可有高达55%的CS患者住院期间发生急性肾功能损伤。在启动床旁持续肾脏替代治疗时,应该采用较低的血泵速度和超滤量,严密监测血压和出人量逐步上调。综上,CS患者的脏器功能支持治疗建议:(1)维持血流动力学稳定。保证脏器有效灌注是改善脏器功能的根本;(2)应该迅速启动脏器功能支持治疗,尽快纠正酸碱失衡和电解质紊乱;(3)呼吸支持是合并呼吸衰竭患者的基本治疗措施。建议合理选择机械通气时机;(4)对合并急性肾功能损伤患者,需尽早启动床旁持续肾脏替代治疗。

 
10、护理措施
 

1、体位: 最好采用平卧位,不用枕头,不能平卧者,可采用30°半卧位。

2、吸氧: 先鼻导管或面罩给氧,有肺水肿者应给予通气支持,多用BiPAP,效果不好者可插管机械通气,尽量使 PaO2、SaO2保持在正常水平; 

3、立即建立静脉通道: 最好选深静脉置管; 建立静脉通路输入生理盐水或乳酸林格液。

4、每5min监测并纪录一次血压、心率、呼吸频率和外周动脉搏动情况,直到病人病情平稳。

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5、每15min记录1次病人血流动力学指标。持续监测心律。若病人的收缩压低于80mmHg时,往往会引起冠状动脉灌注不足、心脏缺血、心律失常,继而使心排血量降低。

6、当病人血压持续下降伴有脉搏细弱时,往往提示由于血容量下降导致的心排血量不足。应立即通知医师并加快输液速度。应用肺动脉漂浮导管,密切监测PAP、PAWP和心排血量。PAWP过高提示有心力衰竭、外周血管阻力增加、心排血量和心排血指数降低,发生这些情况时应立即报告医师。

7、必要时为病人插入并留置导尿管,每小时监测尿量。如果成人尿量低于30ml/h时,应加快输液速度,同时密切观察液体负荷过重的征,若病人尿量仍无改善时应立即通知医师。

8、监测血象和电解质水平。

9、应评估病人皮肤的颜色和温度并及时发现变化。如病人皮肤潮凉往往说明存在持续的外周血管收缩,提示体克会逐渐加重。

10、当应用IABP治疗时,移动病人应尽量减小幅度。避免下肢过度弯曲造成导管移位或断裂。当气囊扩张时病人绝列不能采取坐位(即使拍X线片时也不允许),否则球囊会造成主动脉撕裂而致病人立刻死亡。

11、评估足背动脉搏动情况和皮肤的颜色温度,以确保下肢供血充足。

12、如果病人血流动力学稳定,则应逐渐减少球囊充气的频率以帮助病人脱离IABP。

13、脱机过程中,密切监测各项指标及有无胸痛,有无心脏缺血和休克复发的症状和体征。

14、为减轻病人的心理压力,应合理安排操作时间,以保证病人有较好的休息并尽量保护病人的隐私。在尽可能情况下允许病人家属探视并安抚病人。

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    2022-04-11 junebenf

    学习了

    0

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    2022-04-10 mhm295
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    2022-04-09

    学习学习

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    2022-04-09 1881ea519em

    学习了

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    2022-04-08 130a765fm69暂无昵称

    学习

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    2022-04-08 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

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