SCI REP:制服“超级细菌”抗药性的妙药,竟寻自动物粪便

2017-04-28 佚名 学术经纬

一类能专门杀死细菌的病毒——噬菌体,将来也许有一天会解决日益增长的超级细菌”感染问题。最近,贝勒医学院(BCM)等机构的科学家们发现,噬菌体可以有效地减少小鼠体内的细菌水平,包括对多种抗生素抗性的“超级细菌”,从而显著改善小鼠的健康。这一结果发表在《自然》子刊《Scientific Reports》上。

一类能专门杀死细菌的病毒——噬菌体,将来也许有一天会解决日益增长的超级细菌”感染问题。最近,贝勒医学院(BCM)等机构的科学家们发现,噬菌体可以有效地减少小鼠体内的细菌水平,包括对多种抗生素抗性的“超级细菌”,从而显着改善小鼠的健康。这一结果发表在《自然》子刊《Scientific Reports》上。

“我们的研究小组想知道,噬菌体是否能有效杀死一大类已经对抗生素产生抗性的细菌,它们可在人体内引起致命的疾病,”文章通讯作者Anthony Maresso教授说:“我们正在用尽可能用来治疗遭受这些致命细菌感染患者的手段。我们需要新的想法。”

▲科学家们发现的能制服“超级细菌”的噬菌体(图片来源:《Scientific Reports》)

当细菌在体内生长失控时,它们可以进入血液,并感染体内的重要器官。这时,免疫系统会被激活,以启动抗感染免疫应答。然而,这种免疫反应有时是过度的,从而导致组织损伤、官衰竭甚至死亡。这就是败血症的发生过程。为了克服败血症,我们必须从根本上制止细菌生长。抗生素治疗通常可以控制细菌生长,并防止脓毒症的致命后果,但是越来越多的细菌正在发展出抗药性。

“这个研究项目的最初缘起,就是试图找到能够杀死12种从患者体内分离出的抗性细菌的噬菌体。作为团队中的病毒学家,我的主要贡献是去寻找这样的噬菌体,”文章作者之一Robert Ramig教授说道:“在我的实验室有许多种噬菌体,但是其中没有一种能够杀死这类抗性大肠杆菌——目前在全球大范围流行的ST131型大肠杆菌。”

鸟类和狗经常会携带科学家们感兴趣的细菌,同时也会携带专门寄生于这些细菌的噬菌体。因此,研究者们决定在当地的公园和鸟类保护区中收集动物粪便,以从中寻找所需的噬菌体。

▲Anthony Maresso教授(左)和Robert Ramig教授(右)(图片来源:贝勒医学院)

“我们从动物粪便中分离出了许多种噬菌体,”Robert Ramig教授说:“没有一种噬菌体能杀死所有12种ST131型大肠杆菌菌株,但是两到三种噬菌体合在一起便能够在实验室培养条件下杀死所有的上述菌株。”

接着,科学家们在败血症小鼠模型中检验了这些噬菌体的效果,其中还特意模拟了癌症患者在接受治疗期间发生致命感染的情形。他们向败血症小鼠施用了化疗药物环磷酰胺(cytoxan),后者会在患者体内造成嗜中性白血球减少症和肠道细菌穿越肠壁。

▲环磷酰胺分子结构(图片来源:维基百科)

“许多接受化疗的癌症患者,会遭受原本正常地生活在自己肠道中且并不会引起任何症状的细菌的感染,”文章第一作者、博士生Sabrina I. Green先生说道:“化疗虽然旨在杀死癌细胞,但它的一个副作用就是抑制了免疫系统。免疫系统被抑制是导致这些细菌感染的主要因素,而这些细菌可能还是多重耐药性的。”

如果是健康的小鼠,即便将这些抗性细菌移植到其肠道内后,也不会出现感染的症状。“可是当小鼠接受化疗时,”Sabrina I. Green先生说:“肠道细菌便会从肠道移到身体内的主要器官,进而引起致命的败血症。”

这时,噬菌体能否代替遭到抑制的免疫系统,行使控制细菌繁殖的作用呢?

“在将这些专门的噬菌体递送给小鼠后,出现了细菌感染水平大幅降低和整体健康显着改善的神奇功效,”Anthony Maresso教授说:“然而,这还不是真正令人惊叹的。要知道,这些‘药物’从发现、分离、鉴定到测试仅在几个星期内就完成了,而且这其中产生的花费还不及我们大多数人在一个月内买菜钱。”

▲败血症的发生(图片来源:nysut.org)

噬菌体对于细菌种株的识别通常是十分特异的。如果需要,可以通过设计噬菌体“鸡尾酒”起到更为广泛的杀菌作用。因此,使用噬菌体可能避免一些由抗生素导致的常见副作用,例如清除了有益的肠道微生物群。同时,噬菌体也不会侵入人体细胞。

噬菌体的另一个重大优点就是可以进化。如果细菌发展出一套抵抗噬菌体的机制,新的噬菌体株可以在环境中经过自然选择而脱颖而出,重新压制住原本具有抗性的细菌。此外,人们也可以在实验室里对所需的噬菌体进行进化筛选,只需几天就能完成。

“相比之下,抗生素是一种化学物质,不能实时自我改变,”Anthony Maresso教授说:“开发新的抗生素可能需要数年时间以及数十亿美元的成本,然而噬菌体却可以自我进化,以有效地杀死抗性菌株,然后再自我扩增。当我想起一件让我非常满意又颇具讽刺意味的事情。 今后的抗菌治疗,可能会用致病菌在过去60多年中对付我们的方法来反过来对付它们。”

研究者们在之前就曾测试过噬菌体的这种自我进化能力。“我们选取了能分别特异性攻击所有被测试的26种假单胞菌中4种菌株的4种噬菌体,”Robert Ramig教授说:“然后,我们在实验室中对噬菌体进行进化筛选。一个月后,新的噬菌体便能够杀死剩下22种菌株。”


▲用噬菌体制服超级细菌(图片来源:贝勒医学院)

“设想一下未来可能出现临床情形:患者遭受了抗性细菌感染,而且这种抗性细菌是无药可治的,或者只能用最毒的抗生素进行治疗。然而,就在接下来的48小时内,医生们将会鉴定出细菌的种类和菌株,然后去现成的噬菌体库,选择那些对这种抗性菌株最有效的噬菌体,并设计出个性化的噬菌体‘鸡尾酒’来治疗。如果新的抗药性又发展出来,我们将就再次进化筛选出一种新的噬菌体,最后给出致命一击!”Anthony Maresso教授说:“有很多方法可以杀死细菌,但是我还不知道有其他任何方法,可以像噬菌体一样实时地进化。这是最好的‘绿色’药物,是纯天然、经济而且目前看来是安全的。一个生物学专业的本科生就足以操作这一技术。”

虽然这一进展非常具有前景,但我们仍然应对此持有必要的谨慎。“噬菌体不是绝对完美的药物,”Anthony Maresso教授评价道:“宿主的免疫系统可能会中和噬菌体的活性。一些噬菌体或许无法在体内很好的发挥作用。然而,与其他类型的药物相比,我们对噬菌体在上述方面的理解很少。不过,我认为这至少说明,我们应该在研究中给予噬菌体更多的关注。”

原始出处:

Sabrina I. Green, Jason T. Kaelber, Li Ma, et al. Bacteriophages from ExPEC Reservoirs Kill Pandemic Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Clonal Group ST131 in Animal Models of Bacteremia. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 46151 (2017) doi:10.1038/srep46151.

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    2017-04-29 Homburg
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    2017-04-29 songbq
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321683, encodeId=07331321683f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64049291048' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超级细菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92910, encryptionId=64049291048, topicName=超级细菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea13490, createdName=xqptu, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1466794, encodeId=47691466e9473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edd5e630426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粪便#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76304, encryptionId=edd5e630426, topicName=粪便)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=03cc6863823, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1495376, encodeId=7f1b14953e6fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdd8556826f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗药性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55682, encryptionId=cdd8556826f, topicName=抗药性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=110a9169530, createdName=songbq, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191431, encodeId=7da719143179, content=文章很好,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 10:03:51 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191411, encodeId=48d8191411b3, content=不得不佩服古人的智慧,为什么很多都没人了解了?现在的人类真的是穿越了奇点而来的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:51:32 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191410, encodeId=e0b71914103a, content=好文章,藏了。谢谢编辑。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:49:47 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-28 明天会更好!

    文章很好,值得分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321683, encodeId=07331321683f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64049291048' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超级细菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92910, encryptionId=64049291048, topicName=超级细菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea13490, createdName=xqptu, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1466794, encodeId=47691466e9473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edd5e630426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粪便#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76304, encryptionId=edd5e630426, topicName=粪便)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=03cc6863823, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1495376, encodeId=7f1b14953e6fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdd8556826f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗药性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55682, encryptionId=cdd8556826f, topicName=抗药性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=110a9169530, createdName=songbq, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191431, encodeId=7da719143179, content=文章很好,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 10:03:51 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191411, encodeId=48d8191411b3, content=不得不佩服古人的智慧,为什么很多都没人了解了?现在的人类真的是穿越了奇点而来的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:51:32 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191410, encodeId=e0b71914103a, content=好文章,藏了。谢谢编辑。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:49:47 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-28 lyh994

    不得不佩服古人的智慧,为什么很多都没人了解了?现在的人类真的是穿越了奇点而来的吗?

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321683, encodeId=07331321683f2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=64049291048' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#超级细菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=92910, encryptionId=64049291048, topicName=超级细菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ea13490, createdName=xqptu, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1466794, encodeId=47691466e9473, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edd5e630426' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粪便#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76304, encryptionId=edd5e630426, topicName=粪便)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=03cc6863823, createdName=Homburg, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1495376, encodeId=7f1b14953e6fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdd8556826f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗药性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55682, encryptionId=cdd8556826f, topicName=抗药性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=110a9169530, createdName=songbq, createdTime=Sat Apr 29 22:15:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191431, encodeId=7da719143179, content=文章很好,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 10:03:51 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191411, encodeId=48d8191411b3, content=不得不佩服古人的智慧,为什么很多都没人了解了?现在的人类真的是穿越了奇点而来的吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:51:32 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=191410, encodeId=e0b71914103a, content=好文章,藏了。谢谢编辑。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=01bb1684217, createdName=医张生, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:49:47 CST 2017, time=2017-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-04-28 医张生

    好文章,藏了。谢谢编辑。

    0

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