病例:花式甲醇中毒两例(和酒厂无关)

2018-05-28 章悦 章悦的公众号

常见报道的甲醇中毒要么是有自杀的冲动喝的甲醇,要么是酒厂生产的酒中甲醇含量过高。但是下面这两例比较特殊,很容易漏诊,要引起注意,请看下文详情。



常见报道的甲醇中毒要么是有自杀的冲动喝的甲醇,要么是酒厂生产的酒中甲醇含量过高。但是下面这两例比较特殊,很容易漏诊,要引起注意,请看下文详情。

只是啜了一口

甲醇中毒,老生常谈,各地假酒案发生不知道多少起,大家比我有经验。今天我讲述的是两例和饮酒没关系的甲醇中毒。

多年之前我在门诊遇到一名老汉,主诉急性双眼视力丧失3天。因为华山视神经脊髓炎看得好,当地医院推荐上这边来。哪里人呢?内蒙锡林郭勒,那段时间正好从内蒙旅游回来,略知当地的风土人情——酒喝得猛。



所以我首先问的就是喝不喝酒。老汉承认他平时喝,但最近没喝。我让他好好想想,没喝;再想想,没喝;使劲想,还是没喝。没辙了,中毒的诊断最重要的要有毒物接触史,没有的话可不敢贸然打这个诊断。所以我只能先打视神经脊髓炎可能,后面括个括号,甲醇中毒不除外。

由于床位紧张,这个病人后来上其他医院就诊了,过了1周我遇到他大儿子,他说幸好我当时在病例本里提到甲醇中毒的可能,否则老爷子眼睛就保不住了。那家医院医生见我病史后也严刑逼问了,老爷子忽然想到4天前他在屋子墙角地板上看到一个白酒瓶,他打开瓶子一闻,是酒的气味,就啜了一小口,吧唧了一下嘴,感觉味道不怎么样,于是放回原处,第二天就瞎了,他大儿子大吃一惊,因为最近老汉的二儿子正好在搞装修,这个瓶子是他的,大儿子赶紧打电话给他弟弟确认,这个瓶子的确是用来装甲醇的,此事终于真相大白了。

后来经过积极救治,老汉的视力完全恢复。这边需要提个醒,用完的食品容器尽量不要二次利用,如要使用也不要去装有毒有害物品。

甲醇在体内的代谢产物为→甲醛→甲酸。

1.甲醇 有微毒,表现为醉酒。

2.甲醇→甲醛,代谢过程缓慢,容易导致血中甲醇堆积

3.甲醛 老百姓家装时最关心的污染物,闻上去十分刺鼻,甲醇对气道皮肤黏膜有损伤,长期接触还有致癌风险,不过甲醛在血中代谢很快,还没来得及露一手就代谢为甲酸了。

4.甲醛→甲酸 过程很快,因此鲜有甲醛堆积的。

5.甲酸 甲醇代谢过程中最毒的物质,一方面甲酸是酸性的,它破坏了人体酸碱平衡;另一方面甲酸破坏线粒体功能,造成神经元供能障碍,导致暴盲和基底节区病变。

6.甲酸→二氧化碳和水 甲酸最终被解毒,但过程缓慢,因此会导致甲酸血液中堆积。

图1.甲醇的代谢路径

综上所诉,甲醇中毒的前半段是真的甲醇中毒,症状轻微;后半段为甲酸中毒,症状明显,这就是为什么老汉当天喝了甲醇没事,第二天才开始眼瞎的道理。

对付甲醇中毒要从三个地方着手:

一,排出甲醇,比如催吐、血液透析;

二,不让甲醇代谢下去,比如喝乙醇(抢夺甲醇代谢所需要的酶),服用抑制酶活性药物甲吡唑。喝纯甲醇的危害远大于喝假酒,假酒中好歹有些乙醇,能够起到一定解毒作用;

三.加速甲酸代谢,服用叶酸片可促进甲酸降解为二氧化碳和水。

烟花有毒

第二个病人是烟花厂的工人,中年男性,在入院前2个月开始经常无缘无故的大口喘气,并有下肢肌肉酸痛,辗转多家医院就诊,能查的都查了一遍,除了血总CO2、阴离子间隙增高外(图2),其他什么也没查出来,所以就给他打了一个“过度换气综合症”。

在入院前6天患者再次出现大口喘气,并且出现视物模糊,到了晚上患者就失明了,后患者转诊来华山医院,拟诊视神经脊髓炎收入病房。入院时,患者双眼已毫无光感,瞳孔放大到边,光反应消失。

患者向我们描述了做烟花的具体情况,烟花五颜六色是怎么来的?是各种金属粉末燃烧时产生的,在做烟花的时候需要将这些粉末粘合成团块状,那就需要掺入胶水,胶水是有机物需要溶解于酒精,病人的工作就是把酒精和胶水喷入混合炉进行混匀,虽说有口罩防护,但问起他戴口罩效果如何?其实还是能闻到酒精味的。

根据患者临床表现和酒精接触史,我们建议到专业机构行血液毒物检测,并且让病人家属设法弄清酒精里的成分。毒物检测只查了甲醇,结果阴性;但家属那边得到了重要线索,他们质问工厂老板后得知,近半年老板为了降低生产成本,就将乙醇换成了甲醇。老板表示一切费用他来承担,病人现在只管安心看病。

真相大白!他2个月来的大喘气并不是过度换气综合症,而是酸中毒的表现!经过治疗,患者视力无好转。


图2. 阴离子间隙增宽,提示可能有代谢性酸中毒,如果……,已经没有如果

甲醇中毒的一些数据:

口服致死性剂量30-240mL,致盲剂量6-30mL(各家报道差异较大),老汉啜了一口,一口的量大约10-30ml……

口服甲醇吸收快,平均30-60分钟血中浓度达高峰

血液浓度<20mg/dL→ 无症状

血液浓度>20mg/dL→ 可能出现症状

血液浓度>50mg/dL→ 眼瞎

血液浓度>150-200mg/dL→ 死亡风险暴增

甲醇在体内的消除 低浓度的情况下为一级消除动力学,半衰期3小时,高浓度的情况下(100-200mg/dL)为零级消除动力学,每小时清除量为8-9mg/dL。(各家报道差异较大)

甲酸的半衰期为2.5–12.5小时。

所以按照以上数据我推测,即便致死剂量的甲醇浓度200mg/dl下降到20mg/dl 也只要1天时间,因此甲醇可能在病程后期是测不出来的,此时应该测甲酸浓度,有研究表明在误服甲醇后4-10天,甲酸仍能在尿中检测出来。我们让家属送血样到专业机构检测时,还特地关照甲醇和甲酸都要测,结果家属还是只测了个甲醇,果不其然结果为阴性。

后记

这两例“花式甲醇中毒”具有警示意义。

第一例若不是外院医生病史问的仔细(啜一口),这双眼睛就永久失明了;第二例的起病方式更是异乎寻常,一个量变到质变的典型范例。回过头去看此人病史,其实是有线索的——“过度通气综合症”,但在2个月前换我的话,我也不会比外院医生更高明,光凭过度换气谁会想到甲醇中毒呢?想不到,所以才可怕。希望这两个病例对大家有所帮助。

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    2018-06-08 122d0f64m06暂无昵称

    开拓思路

    0

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    2018-05-30 mashirong
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    2018-05-28 huixiangsir

    有意思的病例.

    0

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    2018-05-28 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^^_^

    0

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