Lancet:成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停

2015-01-21 MedSci MedSci原创

摘要阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是睡眠过程中上气道反复塌陷,造成血氧饱和度下降以及睡眠中断,正成为越来越常见的疾病。其症状包括打鼾、呼吸暂停以及白天嗜睡。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病机制各异,易感因素包括上呼吸气道狭小、 呼吸调节不稳定、 唤醒阈值低、肺容量小和上呼吸道扩张肌功能失调。危险因素包括肥胖、 男性、 年龄、 更年期、 体液潴留、 扁桃体肥大和吸烟。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能引起白天嗜睡、 道路交通事故,并

摘要


阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是睡眠过程中上气道反复塌陷,造成血氧饱和度下降以及睡眠中断,正成为越来越常见的疾病。其症状包括打鼾、呼吸暂停以及白天嗜睡。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病机制各异,易感因素包括上呼吸气道狭小、 呼吸调节不稳定、 唤醒阈值低、肺容量小和上呼吸道扩张肌功能失调。

危险因素包括肥胖、 男性、 年龄、 更年期、 体液潴留、 扁桃体肥大和吸烟。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停能引起白天嗜睡、 道路交通事故,并可能会导致高血压。它可能与心肌梗塞、充血性心衰、中风以及糖尿病有关,尽管不是十分肯定。

治疗方法是持续气道正压通气,吸入氧浓度为60%-70%。双相气道正压通气或匹配伺服通气可以用于不能忍受持续气道正压通气的患者。其他的治疗方法包括口腔矫治器、外科手术以及减轻体重。

引言

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是睡眠时咽部反复塌陷引起的一种常见的疾病。咽部可能完全塌陷(导致窒息)也可能部分塌陷(导致低通气)。气体交换紊乱会导致血氧饱和度下降、高碳酸血症和睡眠间断,这导致了阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的一系列后果,例如,心血管疾病、代谢紊乱以及神经认知功能障碍。

虽然目前有几种治疗方法,但是这些治疗方法通常无法忍受或者仅能缓解一些症状。因此,需要提高患者的依从性以及开发新的治疗方法(或联合治疗)。由于肥胖症的流行,咽部塌陷的倾向随之上升,因此阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的病例很可能会增加。

具有里程碑意义的研究是1993年威斯康星洲睡眠队列研究,该研究调查了阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病率。这项研究报道,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病率在中年男性为4%,在中年女性是2%(年龄范围为30-60岁),阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的定义为呼吸暂停或低通气的次数超过每小时5次,并伴有日间极度嗜睡。

随后的研究表明,在高收入国家阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病率高于先前报道的数字(男性20%,女性10%),这可能是与随着时间的推移肥胖的人群增多以及技术水平的提高有关。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是一个全球性的健康问题。巴西和亚洲的几个国家,尽管它们的肥胖发病率较低,但是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发病率却不低于高收入国家。

虽然阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的危险因素多而复杂,但是降低体重(通过节食和运动)、戒烟、戒酒以及禁用其他肌肉松弛性药物对于防治此病都有益处。

一项随机对照试验结果表明,体重减少10Kg可以使呼吸暂停或低通气指数降低到每小时5次。63%的中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者可以治好,但是只有13%的重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者可以缓解症状。虽然减重手术能非常有效的降低体重,但消除呼吸暂停的长期效果各异。几项研究表明,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停可在减重术后或非手术减重后复发或持续存在。

原始出处:

Amy S. Jordan, PhD, David G. McSharry, MB, and Prof. Atul Malhotra, MD.Adult obstructive sleep apnoea.Lancet. 2014 February 22; 383(9918): 736–747. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60734-5.[pdf]


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    2015-09-04 howi
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    2015-02-08 xjtumed09

    不错,不错!谢!

    0

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    2015-05-29 tomyang96
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