CDSR:低碳水化合物饮食与平衡碳水化合物饮食在降低体重和心血管风险方面的作用

2022-01-31 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

《2017年全球营养报告》估计,全球有20亿成年人超重或肥胖,4100万儿童超重。

  

   《2017年全球营养报告》估计,全球有20亿成年人超重或肥胖,4100万儿童超重。历史上第一次,全球死于暴饮暴食的人数超过了死于饥饿和营养不良的人数。主要由于饮食营养质量差,能量输入密集,经常加班。随着时间的推移,这种饮食往往会导致体重累积增加,从而增加心血管疾病、糖尿病、中风和某些癌症的风险。全球化的食品体系促进了对这些食品的过度消费。高身体质量指数(BMI)是心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾病、某些癌症和肌肉骨骼疾病的一个重要可改变的危险因素。与肥胖有关的疾病负担在低收入和中等收入国家尤为明显。药物治疗、减肥手术和以饮食、体育活动和行为改变为目标治疗成人肥胖。由于肥胖及其相关疾病的慢性和复发性,目前的肥胖治疗指南建议采用旨在实现长期减肥的综合管理方法。这包括以饮食限制、增加身体活动为特征的强化生活方式干预,以及作为一线治疗的行为管理。重要的是,没有一种“放之四海而皆准”的减肥节食法,不同的节食法适用于不同的人,取决于他们的喜好和坚持的容易程度。

   公众、家庭和健康专业人士面临着一系列令人眼花缭乱的减肥食谱,其中许多已被商业化为书籍、研讨会、减肥食品、补充剂和其他相关产品。这些包括但不限于各种版本的低碳水化合物饮食、低脂肪或所谓的“平衡饮食”、非常低脂肪饮食(例如低血糖饮食)。人体需要少量(如维生素和矿物质等微量营养素)或大量(如大量营养素)的营养物质来促进生长、修复和最佳功能。每日总能量摄取量由三种常量营养素(即碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪)提供的能量总和组成。每克常量营养素、碳水化合物和蛋白质各提供约17千焦,而脂肪提供约37千焦。碳水化合物主要包含在谷物和糖中,并在消化道中被分解成葡萄糖。碳水化合物是最大的营养类,传统上也是最大的能量来源。如果能量摄入超过能量需求,多余的碳水化合物将主要以肝糖原的形式储存在肝脏中供以后使用,或者在肝糖原饱和时转化为脂肪酸。相反,如果饮食中碳水化合物含量有限,肝脏会将脂肪转化为脂肪酸和酮,以取代葡萄糖作为能量来源。

   低碳水化合物饮食是一类广泛的减肥饮食和计划,控制和限制大量营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪)的摄入。这些饮食没有一致的和被广泛接受的定义,使用不同的描述,如“低碳水化合物,高蛋白”或“低碳水化合物,高脂肪”,这取决于对大量营养素的操作和重点。在实践中,低碳水化合物饮食有不同的应用方式,但一般限制谷物、谷物和豆类,以及其他含有碳水化合物的食物,如乳制品、大多数水果和某些蔬菜。然后,所需的能量通常被高脂肪和蛋白质的食物所取代,如肉类、鸡蛋、奶酪、黄油、奶油和油——其中许多都是动物性食物。一些低碳水化合物饮食建议按需要饮食,而另一些则限制总能量摄入。

   传统权威机构,如欧洲食品安全管理局(EFSA 2017),美国药物研究所食品和营养委员会,澳大利亚国家卫生和医学研究理事会与新西兰卫生部,北欧部长理事会,北欧食品问题高级官员委员会(NNR 2012)以及英国营养科学咨询委员会(SACN 2015)建议,成人碳水化合物的适当摄入量为总能量的45%至65%。因此,有些人认为低碳水化合物饮食是指那些碳水化合物摄入量低于总能量45%的饮食。一些已公布的低碳水化合物饮食定义无视官方建议,使用碳水化合物总能量的40%的上限作为低碳水化合物饮食的指示。从绝对角度,而不是比例角度,低碳水化合物饮食被定义为含有少于200克碳水化合物,而一些人不同意这种自由的定义,更喜欢区分“非生酮低碳水化合物饮食”含有50克到150克碳水化合物,“生酮低碳水化合物饮食”(或极低碳水化合物饮食)最多含有50克碳水化合物,后者被一些人视为更有效的减肥。生酮饮食的特点是,作为替代能源的肝脏会产生大量酮,当脂肪或蛋白质摄入量很高而碳水化合物摄入量很低(每天少于50克)时,血液和尿液中也会产生大量酮(酮血症)和酮尿(酮尿)。

    与当前饮食建议相一致的减肥饮食通常被称为“低脂肪饮食”或“平衡、减肥饮食”,在这篇综述中将被称为“平衡饮食”。在全球范围内,目前的饮食建议的营养素,微量营养素,食物的选择和饮食模式——通常是一致的,和政府机构从欧洲,美国,澳大利亚和北欧国家建议45%到65%的总能量摄入量应提供的碳水化合物,蛋白质含量在10% - 35%之间,脂肪含量在20% - 35%之间。从低到高的碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质摄入量都有一定的灵活性。这些饮食建议附有“更好的食物”选择的信息;提高碳水化合物(如粗粮与精粮)、蛋白质(如鱼与加工肉类)和脂肪(如橄榄油与黄油)的质量;以及通过保持能量摄入和能量消耗平衡来保持健康的体重。

关于有效和安全的饮食治疗肥胖的争论仍在继续。许多涉及肥胖人群(有或没有合并症)和不同方法质量的试验和系统评价评估了低碳水化合物饮食对体重和其他风险因素的影响。许多在长达两年的随访中显示很少或没有重要的临床差异。一项对8项随机对照试验的系统回顾发现,无论饮食的宏量营养素组成如何,参与短期和长期减肥计划的参与者的心理社会结果都会有所改善。然而,低碳水化合物减肥饮食继续被广泛推广、营销和商业化,被认为比具有“平衡”或宏量营养素成分的减肥饮食更有效、更健康,符合当前全球饮食建议。卫生保健官员认为,非常严格的碳水化合物饮食并不能促进行为的改变,而这种改变可以培养多样化的、营养丰富的和纤维丰富的饮食模式(美国农业部2014年),众所周知,这种饮食模式可以降低心血管疾病、高血压、2型糖尿病和某些癌症的风险。按照极低碳水化合物饮食的建议,极端限制或过量摄入大量营养素,反而会促进一种可能导致大量营养素摄入失衡、微量营养素摄入不够理想并随着时间推移增加疾病风险的饮食方式。

表1 非2型糖尿病超重和肥胖成年人12个月或更长时间低碳水化合物与均衡碳水化合物减肥饮食的比较

原文出处:Naude CE,  Brand A,  Schoonees A,et al.Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 28;1 

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    2022-02-02 柳叶一刀
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    2022-02-02 yuanming9
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