JAMA Inter Med:绝经后HT预防慢性病证据演变史:成功、失败和经验教训

2018-03-13 何娜 环球医学网

来自旧金山加利福尼亚大学医学系的Deborah Grady博士在《JAMA Internal Medicine》杂志上发表了一篇关于绝经后激素治疗(HT)预防慢性病证据演变史的Letter,介绍了指南推荐治疗建议可从中汲取的成功、失败和经验教训。

来自旧金山加利福尼亚大学医学系的Deborah Grady博士在《JAMA Internal Medicine》杂志上发表了一篇关于绝经后激素治疗(HT)预防慢性病证据演变史的Letter,介绍了指南推荐治疗建议可从中汲取的成功、失败和经验教训。

美国预防服务工作组重申和更新了无症状绝经后妇女不应接受激素治疗HT预防慢性疾病的建议。

成功

二十五年前,该文作者有幸参与了美国内科医师学会无症状绝经后妇女预防使用HT指南的文献回顾工作。当时,有超过30项研究支持HT有预防骨质疏松性骨折和冠心病事件的获益。因此,指南建议所有妇女都应考虑使用HT预防疾病,并推荐给有冠心病风险的妇女使用。但是,该系统评价中所纳入的研究都是观察性研究,没有针对临床结局的随机试验。

转眼十年过去了,到2002的时候,美国预防服务工作组首次反对绝经后妇女使用雌激素联合孕激素预防慢性疾病。2005年,该工作组发布了相似的建议,反对单独使用雌激素预防疾病。建议几乎完全基于3项有临床结局的大型随机试验。基于来自随机临床试验的证据不断增多,分别于2013年和2017年再次更新了建议。建议依旧没有改变——工作组继续反对无症状的更年期女性使用雌激素或雌激素预防慢性病(D级推荐)。最近的系统评价纳入18项随机临床试验的40058例患者,但是绝大多数数据来自大型妇女健康倡议随机研究中,其中包括27347例主要是白人的妇女,平均年龄为63岁。证据表明,使用HT预防疾病有净危害。雌激素联合孕激素治疗降低了糖尿病、骨折和结直肠癌风险,但增加了侵袭性乳腺癌、冠心病、痴呆、中风和静脉血栓栓塞的风险。雌激素单药能降低侵袭性乳腺癌、糖尿病和骨折的风险,但增加卒中、静脉血栓栓塞和胆囊疾病的风险。工作组的建议还提到,HT的益处可以通过不产生净损害的其他已有干预措施获得,如饮食和运动预防糖尿病或双膦酸盐类药物预防骨折。

因此,在过去的几十年里,大规模、高质量的随机对照临床试验的结果大大提高了证据的强度,完全改变了我们对HT益处和风险的认识。更年期HT研究成功地阐明了风险和益处,并使妇女和他们的医生清楚地了解HT对特定疾病风险和死亡率的影响。净危害的阐明导致HT使用率大幅下降,从1988~1994年约44%的美国妇女降至2010年的约5%。

失败

工作组强调,建议健康妇女使用HT预防慢性疾病和明确排除更年期症状。然而,作者认为许多临床医生现在无法区分使用HT预防慢性疾病与相对短期的用于缓解更年期症状。高达2/3的妇女发生更年期血管舒缩和阴道症状,部分妇女严重到显着降低生活质量和影响性功能、影响工作效率、扰乱睡眠。到目前为止,雌激素(用或不用孕激素)仍然是更年期血管舒缩和阴道症状最有效的治疗药物,并且没有很好的替代品。很多女性因恐惧预防性使用HT的相关风险而不寻求对症治疗。

作者认为,这种对HT的恐惧似乎过头了。几乎所有的药物都有风险,但一般我们都愿意冒较小的风险以换取明显的症状缓解。考虑到HT相关研究的成功,相关风险的量化几乎比其他任何药物都要好得多。应用于女性的事件率的绝对改变与60年代中期妇女健康倡议随机试验相似。相比之下,女性在绝经过渡期通常还很年轻,即45岁~55岁。由于年龄是疾病的主要预测因素,有症状的妇女所有结局的绝对风险非常低,而且估计的净危害很小。值得注意的是,没有证据表明使用HT 5~7年会增加总死亡率。在充分知情的情况下,有中度至重度症状且无禁忌症的女性,如果HT可改善症状和生活质量,可冒这样的小风险。多个专业协会支持HT用于症状性的近期更年期的妇女,包括北美更年期学会、美国妇产科和内分泌医师协会。

教训

20世纪90年代初的教训是,许多专家认为,观察性研究证据已经很充分,进行HT对临床结局影响的随机临床试验违反了社会伦理。也许从更年期HT研究史上汲取的最大教训是,即使有大量的观察性数据,只要有可能,就应该进行随机设盲临床研究,并且最好在美国食品药品监督管理局批准之前。

目前尚不完全清楚为什么HT的观察性研究和随机临床研究结果有如此大的区别。也许,大多数观察性研究纳入的妇女比WHI随机研究更年轻,开始治疗的时间更接近绝经过渡期。与HT相关的冠脉事件风险降低的结果很有可能存在混杂因素——处方并继续服用HT的妇女比不使用者更健康,且基线冠脉事件风险低。当一种治疗给予健康无症状的人群时,进行随机临床试验尤为重要。根据定义,这种疗法不能使人们感觉更好,因此我们应该有明确的证据表明该治疗能带来净获益。同样的情况发生在观察性研究表明补充维生素E和β-胡萝卜素有获益,但随后的随机临床试验显示没有获益或危害。

HT是一种干预影响许多重要的临床结局的许多故事的其中之一;它有获益也有危害。雌激素是一种激素,所以它可能是一个极端的例子,但几乎所有药物的作用机理对很多结局均有影响,而不仅仅是我们研发药物和设计研究最感兴趣的那个。第二个重要的教训是,我们应该致力于进行规模足够大的临床研究,以发现危害超过获益的潜在严重不良事件。在许多情况下,这需要比简单的显示对主要结局有益需要更大规模更长期的研究。工作组更新HT建议的经验提示了公共卫生领域广泛采用某种预防策略前有高质量的随机对照临床试验数据的重要性。

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    2018-08-12 oliver181
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    2018-03-15 qjddjq
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    2018-03-15 zxxiang
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    2018-03-13 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0